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CRM 1300 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Norm types and the purpose

A

Implicit : explicit rules of conduct that are written down and enforced by law

Explicit : rules and standards that govern behaviour. Invisible rules of conduct

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2
Q

Deviance and types

A

Def : anything that goes against norms that cause a reaction

Formal : committing crimes

Informal : violation of informal social norms

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3
Q

Deviance is relative to…

A

Time
Place (Lebanon and bestiality)
Social context (alcohol in class)
Social status or group

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4
Q

Social control

A

What encourages individuals to conform to social norms.

Internal : Prevents guilt and shame from engaging in deviant behaviour. Self imposed.

External : Lies outside of the individual and is based upon rewards and punishments.

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5
Q

External social control

A

Formal : enforced through official means (institutions, government). The use of positive (early release) and negative sanctions (jail time).

Informal : Enforced through non-official means. Often spontaneous expressions of approval or disapproval. Also use positive sanctions (praise) and negative sanctions (dirty looks)

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6
Q

Crime classifications

A

Mala in se : illegal because inherently immoral

Mala in prohibita : not immoral, just classified as illegal

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7
Q

Kinds of offenses

A

Summary offenses : 6 months max jail, 5000$ max fine. Must be convicted within 12 months

Indictable : more serious. Max is life (25 yrs). No statute of limitations. Can have a jury

Hybrid : can be tried as summary or indictment depending on severity of crime and repeat offenses

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8
Q

Theoretical models

A

Crime control model : to protect society
- Focus : Protect society over any individual
- Policing : Support strong law enforcement practices
- To ensure efficiency : must adopt assembly line justice (rapid routine processes (cases) using as few resources as possible)
- Presumption : Most defendants are guilty until proven innocent
- Courts : punishment should be swift and severe
Due process : to protect the individual
- Focus : System needs to protect the rights of the defendant
- Presumption : Defendants are innocent until proven guilty
- Courts : To ensure fairness, legal procedures must not be rushed

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9
Q

CSI effect

A

Crime dramas give an inflated idea of how crimes are solved.

Affects trials in 2 ways : Jurors expect more evidence than normal, and they expect more forensic evidence (often slow/ unattainable)

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10
Q

Effects of crime dramas on viewers

A
  • We are much more fearful of crime
  • The world feels more dangerous
  • Our community feels less safe
  • People feel that the crime rate is increasing
  • They think they’re more likely to be a victim
  • View police more favorably
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11
Q

Crime

A

An act or omission that is against the law and punishable upon commission (hit and run, withholding from the police, not filing taxes)

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12
Q

Homicide

A
  • 1st degree : planned or if committed against officer or during other crime. Life sentence observed for life
  • 2nd degree : intent but no plan. Life sentence (10-25 yrs parole)
  • Manslaughter : no intention to cause death, often criminal negligence. Min sentence with firearm (4yrs). Max life (parole 7-10yrs)
  • Infanticide : death of baby less than 1. Max 5yrs
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13
Q

Property crime

A

Taking or attempting to take someone’s property from them without violence or deliberately damaging another person’s property
- Breaking and entering
- Fraud
- Arson
- Vandalism
- Theft of motor vehicle
- Theft (Theft over 5000, Theft under 5000)

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14
Q

Hate crimes

A

Criminal offenses committed against a person or property that is intended to intimidate or harm a person or the group to which they belong

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15
Q

Crimes of the powerful

A

Occupational crimes : For their own gain, generally for money.
Organizational crimes : For the benefit of the organization, consumers, population, etc. Producing unsafe products. Environmental crimes

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16
Q

Organized crimes

A

A relatively small number of the individuals in criminal enterprises engage in a significant amount of crime.
Broad range of criminal activities, including selling weapons, drugs, etc.
Criminal organization : a group 3 or more people who come together to commit one or more serious offenses that are intended to result in a material benefit

17
Q

Crime rate equation

A

Crime rate = (offences x 100 000) / population

18
Q

Limitations of crime rates

A

Results in a misrepresentation (all types of crimes given same weight)
Only deals in offences (nothing like breaking and entering)
Volume of crime, not severity
Only offenses reported to the police (no dark figure of crime)

19
Q

Crime severity index

A

Measures volume and severity
Each crime is given a weight according to a scale of severity (determined by court sentences imposed over the last 5 yrs)

20
Q

Victimization survey’s

A

Official survey conducted every 5 yrs from those 15 yrs or older
Respondents asked if they’ve been victimized in the previous year and if those crimes were reported to the police
- Advantages : Addresses the “dark figure of crime”
- Disadvantages : Only applies to people 15 and over (high rates of victimization below that age range), some may not have access or use technology (homeless), only every 5 yrs, info may not be accurate, TELESCOPING (memory may be remembered as sooner than it was)

21
Q

Self report surveys

A

Unofficial questionnaire that asks individuals about their criminal behaviours
Shows when individuals start to commit offences, what types of crime, whether crime differs based on gender race, social status and age
- Same advantages and disadvantages and victimization surveys

22
Q

List all 6 crime control philosophies

A
  1. Deterrence
  2. Retribution
  3. Incapacitation
  4. Réhabilitation
  5. Restitution
  6. Restorative justice
23
Q

Commonalities between deterrence, retribution and incapacitation

A

Reflect the crime control model
Goal is to protect society
Focus is on the crime

24
Q

Commonalities between rehabilitation, restitution and restorative justice

A

Reflects the due process model
Goal to reduce reoffending
Focus on offender

25
Q

Deterrence

A

Believes that criminal behaviour can be discouraged / prevented by punishing offenders
Specific : Someone caught for a crime will not commit future crimes if punished
General : someone else’s punishment will prevent others
Must be applied with :
Swiftness so that you can associate the act with the punishment
Severity. Must be proportionate.
Certainty
Limitations of detterence : People are not always thinking rationally, no one thinks they’ll get caught, punishment won’t affect everyone the same, punishment is not swift, punishment is not certain and not always severe

26
Q

Retribution

A

To denounce unlawful behaviour by taking revenge on the offender
The seriousness of the punishment should suit the crime
Based on the philosophy of Lex Talionis
Meaning : an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth

27
Q

Incapacitation

A

Removing offenders from society reduces re-offending
Limitation : Too expensive and leads to overpopulation
Selective incapacitation : Incapacitating highest risk offenders will reduce crime
Ex : Dangerous offender designation : Extra label given to criminal (extra crime) to give indeterminate prison sentence

28
Q

Rehabilitation

A

Compensating the victims, their families, or the community for the losses they experienced due to a crime
More common for property offenses

Limitations :
Difficult to put a price tag on it (emotional or physical health)
Not all offenders can pay

29
Q

Restitution

A

Compensating the victims, their families, or the community for the losses they experienced due to a crime
More common for property offenses

Limitations :
Difficult to put a price tag on it (emotional or physical health)
Not all offenders can pay

30
Q

Restorative justice

A

Victim and offenders involved, victim’s needs and rights recognized, offender encouraged to accept responsibility for their actions
Response focused on harmful consequences of the criminal act
Restitution as a means of restoring both parties, reconciliation/restoration as a goal
Limitations :
Process can be very labor intensive and time-consuming

31
Q

Crimes against the person

A
  • Assault : 3 levels
    Robbery : 3 levels. Theft that involves violence or threat
    Sexual assault : 3 levels
    Homicide : 3 levels. Directly or indirectly causing death
32
Q

Describe specialized / problem solving / therapeutic courts

A

Manage specific types of cases/offenders
- Done in larger cities
- Prosecutors and defence work with probation officers with specialized training
- Treatment plans are made
- Respond with graduated sanctions (least restrictive response first, then get more severe if the behaviour continues)
- Most related to domestic violence or mental health issues
- More successful with women and Indigenous peoples
- Sometimes not enough resources to support the individual’s rehabilitation

33
Q

List the advantages of specialized courts

A
  • Enables the judges, prosecutors, and defence to develop an expertise in these cases
  • Efficient and cost effective (in mental health cases, saves 5,62$ for every 1$ spent)
  • Gives offenders the opportunity to avoid jail
  • Considers risks, needs, and responsivity
  • Allows monitoring such as drug testing
  • Strong rehabilitative outlook

CRM 1300 (2 decks)

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