Midterm 1 Flashcards
what does BIA measure adn what is it a tool for? is it direct or inderiect?
BIA measures body mass but is tool for body fat %. Indirect method based on measuring the resistance of body tissue to small electrical current and entierng into equaiton
What is super important for informed consent
Do not want the client to be suprised about anything so be clear in descriptions and try to provide all info ahead of the session - lots of detail
what is body composition %
percentage of diff types of tissue related to healtj
by choosing good variables to montior during CRF we ____for our clients and gain insignt into ___which aids in ____
reduce risk, symtpoms and exercise tolerance, effective exrecsie prescription
what is a contraindication of balance tests
history of falls
what is a sign and symptoms of MI?
pain in chest, jaw, armss legs
e
What is reliability measured with? Often termed?
Correalations. Often termed retest reliability.
Describe how the three energy systems contribute to muscular endurance
a. Phosphagen System (ATP-CP)
Duration: Lasts about 0-10 seconds.
Function: Provides immediate energy through the breakdown of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and creatine phosphate (CP) stored in muscles.
Contribution to Endurance: While primarily used for short bursts of high-intensity effort, it supports quick recovery during rest periods in endurance activities.
b. Glycolytic System (Anaerobic)
Duration: Lasts about 10 seconds to 2 minutes.
Function: Generates ATP through the breakdown of glucose without oxygen. This process produces lactic acid as a byproduct.
Contribution to Endurance: It supports high-intensity efforts, allowing for sustained activity in events like sprinting or high-rep strength training.
c. Oxidative System (Aerobic)
Duration: Used for longer activities (more than 2 minutes).
Function: Generates ATP using oxygen to metabolize carbohydrates and fats.
Contribution to Endurance: This system is crucial for long-duration activities, as it provides a sustained energy supply, allowing for prolonged muscle contractions
what is better free weight or cable machine
free weights
how is the skinfold procedure?
sum of skinfolds around different sites of the body – goes to predictive equation to calculate BF%
In the power equaiton increase in ___ is rgeater than decreases in ____
increase in velocity is greater than decreases in force
what is arm cur test? how is it assesed?
number of arm curls compekted in 30 seconds with standard weight. full extension men get 8lbs and owmen get 5lbs
hwo many trials for sit and reach test? when its it not counted
- Not counted if knees are bemt
What is reactive strength vs explosive
Reactive strength is how fast once can change ebtween an eccentric and concetri movement and relies on SSC (Stength shortnig cycle) for exmapl squat and jump
explosve strength combines speed and strength and is how fast one can move thru ROM - rate of joint movement
when are isokinetic tests used for power
to identify deficiencies post injury or track rehab
What are some things to conider when exercise testing. Pros and cons?
Feabiloty, goals and test queality.
Feasability - cost time equipment
Goals - will it neg effect client, is it safe
Quality - reliable and valid? do i have skill to execute and acheive good test obejctivity?
What are some questions that test adminsitrators should be prepared to answer from cleints?
How did i do?
is this normal?
is that good or bad?
what does that mean?
why does that matter?
Example of Vo2 max reliability
Predicted VO2max day 1: 40.0 ml/kg/min
* Predicted VO2max day 2: 35.0 ml/kg/min
* Correlation (r) = 0.88
does the verical jump asses ractive strength?
no
What are some gerneal
items you could ask about in info gathering
age, occupaotn, daily routine, commute, family, social support, PA, pets, social activities, fitenss goals.expectaitons, acess tor esourves,diet, sleep, screen time, health beliefes education…
what are 4 consideraitons for all MSK tests?
teset selction, safety, communciation and interpretaiton
what is the gold standarc for measuring dynamic strengrh?
the 1RM
what are typical resting measures (plys other 2)
BP + HR, also O2 sat or 12 lead ECG
what testasses upper body strength in seniors?
30 sec arm curl
Isometric dynamomemters measure ____ strength generated from what muscles
static strength - forearm, had, lega and back
Hand grip - meaure forces form 0-100kg, common, no prior training
concentric def. eccentric def.
force overcomes resistnace. muscle shortens to move leveer. Eccentric - forxe exerted muscle lengthening
What is the gold standard fo determining flexibility?
lab assesment using tooldlike goniometer to asse. ROM of specific joint
true or false. for vertical jump test preload is permitted.
fasls - perlod NOT permitte, no stretch shotetning and no run/step ip
in order to build rapport you need to have ___ converstation
two-sided conversation
ruler questions and openended quesitons
what is min met threshold for MVPA and mins/week
500-1000 MET, 75-150 mins
what are pros and cons of static msuc endurance
pros - no special equip, simple technique, good post/pre tes comaprios
cons - deconditioned may score 0
normative data misleading and limited
what is felicibility? what is mobility?
flex - mroe apssive, ability for soft tissue to passively lengther and is more about stretching than ROM
mob - active (ability for join to move smoothly and efficiently thru ROM)
In scope exaxmples whta can a CSEP CPT NOT do?
Wotk with population with unstable medical conditions or more than one med condiiton or that one feels ill to adress, use an ECG, use max aerobic/anaerobic effort
Which calisthenic can u do to asses musc strength?
push up, sit up, pull up
What is risk factor for BP? systolic and diastolic?
systolic >130 and distolic >80 is considered risk
difference between test validity and tst reliability.
Test validity is the ability for test to measure accuratel with minimal error and uses validity coeff by comparing direct and indirect methods eg DEXA and BIA
test reliability is the ability for a test to give the same answers a
Test reliability is the ability for test to replicate the same results/yield consistenmt and stable scores oacross trials and over time and is measured using correlations or retest relaibility
what is muscular strength?
The ability for muscle to execute one contraction at max force ( maximal contractil force in one contraction)
waht are predictive equations for skinfold based on?
underwater weighing
What are the potential problems with objective measures in pre-screening
Creates barreires to exercsie
- acesss, time na reliability
- cost to healthcare system
what tests does 6 min walk and 2 mins tep test asses in seniors?
aerobic endurance
What is reactive strength an what is it important for?
the ability to utilzie the stretch shortening cycle and to cahnge bettween eccentirc and concetric movem. Important for activities taht requie explosive power and quick force production like team sport
improtant in cyclical movements with short contact
improtant for injury prevention
at the start of a session with a. client what could you explain in terms of informed consent? what about before a measurement?
what we are doing in the session
how it is going to benefit th client
the clients respobsibilites
that they can withdraw at any time
- reiterate purpsoe of test/measurement
review the strucute so client knows what to expect
What is the fierld method of determing BF% ?
skinfolds
Reliability effects ____. WHy?
VALidity - if test produces inconsisiten results validity coefficoent willl vary
what test cna be done on seniors for agility and dyamic balance assesment
timed up and go
what should one do ebfore sit and reahc test?
hurdler stretch - twice each leg for 20 seconds
4 purposes of pre-screenig?
1) Identify pre-exisitng med conditions
2) indetify risk of cardiac event during testing
3) Identify those who should have prior med eval. (med clearance) before testing
4) Identify signs and symp of chronic disease
Overall: dtect disease nd analyze risk)
what is muscular endurance?
The ability for a msucle to execute repeated contractions over period of time
What’s the difference between a relative and an absolute contraindication? Can you name some?
A realtive contraindication means that the testing can still occur if the benefits outweight the risks but an absolute means that in no case should testing be conducted until stablized.
Absolute - unstable angina, recent chgane in ECG, MI within 2 days, or other cardiac even tm uncontolled symptomaatic heart failir
Relative - diabets- uncontrolled metabolic chronic infectious disiease, sever arterial hypertension, tachy/bradydysrythmia
what is an isokinetic mod of assesing musc strenght?
biodex
What is BMI and WC risks?
BMI > 30
Men
Wc >102
Women
WC > or eq to 88
what is the pro and con of using free weight and what doe it asses? is it constant or variable resistance?
asses dynamic strngth pro - fucntuonal movement
con - measures weakest point
constant (isotonic)
What are some documentation formats used ? for med/emerg? most used in exercis? any industry?
MEd/emergency: CHART - chief complaint, hsiotry, ax, rx, test/plan
SOAP (subj, obj, assesment, plant) notes - most used in exercise
anyindustry - PIE (problem, intevention, evailation
What is the difference between muscular strength and muscular endurance? What ADL’s might these be important for?
muscular strength is the max contractile force xerted by a msucle for 1 rep and musuclar endurance ability of msucle to sustain repeated contracions over time.
Musc strength - lifting a box/moving hosues
musc endurance - carying groceries, walking, sweeping, gardening
what is chair stand x5
perform 5 chair stands as quickly as possible - add up final score
what do isokinetic dynamometers measure? whaat are they also called?
dynamic strenght (endurance, power) Biodex
pros - detects weak points in ROM, good for rehab
CON: not accessible
what popualtions is high RFD vital for.What is RFD generally measued with?
trained atheltes and elderly. Load cell/for eplate
in concentric contractions as we shorten we ____ force?
lose
what is the equations for power
work/time
if the cleint lsoes balac infirst 3 secs of clsoed eyes single leg balance are they allowed to try again?
yes
name some common tools for MSK testing?
free weights, cable machine, exercsie machine, dynamometer, tensiometer, isokinetic dynamometer (biodex)
what are some physiological factors and princples taht affect power?
Force production capability (cB)
foce frequence relationship
type II, IIB msucle fiber types. -size principle
muscle recutiment
size of soma
during a single elg balance test when s the test terminated?
arms are moved, raised foot moved towards or wawt or touches floor, weight bearing foot moved/rotated, max of 45 secs elapsed - r
waht are most commone 1rm exercsies
chest press, back swuare, leg press
examples of eactive strength, rate of force development, and explosive strength
reacgive strength - jump up high after dropping from heigh (dop nump)
ssc test - Measures the time taken to jump after a rapid downward movement (like a squat) to evaluate the efficiency of the stretch-shortening cycle.
RFD - orce Plate Measurements: Using a force plate during dynamic movements (like squat jumps) to assess how quickly force is developed at different points in the movement.
Olympic Lifts: Performance in exercises like the clean and jerk or snatch, where the speed and power of the lift reflect explosive strength.
what can isokinetic dynamometers evaluate. where they used? (musc strength)
peak torque, total work, power
compare strenght curces in eprfoemance and reahb
sports medicine and research - very accurate and relaible jsut not accesible
2 exampels of leibility tests and 2 escampels of mobility tests
flex
1) sit and reach
2) goniometer
MOB
- back scratch and broomstick challenge
where will max tension occur?
resting length of sarcomere (2-2.2). Resting length = maciumum overlap of XB with actin ctive sights
Whaat are some peripheral sources of fatigue during musc enduranc activities
Inadequate blood flow to muscle ( dmena for oxygen greater than supply - can be form intense musc contraction
low mitocondiral size and density
smal CSA od msucle fibre
inadequate type 1 muscle fibres
What is test obejctivity/intertester reliability? How calculated>
If a test is objectove - diff testers will yield similat scores
Complex/eg skin fold have poor intertester relaibility
Obejctivity coeff
What is 2 absolute and 2 relative contraindications to ex testing?
Absolute - recent change in ECG suggesting acute cardiac cardiac event like MI
unstable angina
Relative - mental or phys imapirment
uncontrolled metabolic disease (diabietes)
what are teh 4 ways taht body composition cann be measured?
DEXA - dual xray aborptometry analsyis
BIA - bioelctical impedence an
skinfolds
plethysmogrphy (hydrostatic weighin, bodpod)
in THomas test if bottom foot is pointing down to floor (small angle) is test pos or neg
negative/neutral quadricep
how should cluent be set up for WC? Wha sdie shoudl adminsitrator take etst from?
feeet shoudler width arms acoss chest. Right
what is plethysmography and what measures
Measures changes in volume in different parts of the body.
What is test reliability?
ability of test to yield to yield consisten and stable scores across trials an over time
What are some consideraitons for test selection? client factors? equipment? technician skil?
Client - familiarizaiton neeeded even for expeirnced lfiteners
max effort neede (coaching,mtoviation, recovery)
ability to gollow isntruction
equipmetn - constanc vs variabl resistiance
calibraiton
accomadation of limb elngths, ROM, body size
Tecnicain- skill of techncian with knowledge in proper lfitin/spotting and procedures
good explantaiond and dmeonstration
careful oberservation
follows protocal
is tensiometer considered good wuaity? where is it used?
yes (Acurate and relaible) mostly used for research, sometimes rehab
What are adv and disadv of DEXA?
adv: also gold standard - SUPER HIGH validity
mostly practical operation - GOOD reliability
used to dianose osteoperpsis
segmental analysis
Disadv
- resource heavy
- not accesible for most
- small dose
although ____ risks increase greatly with decreased PA ____ risks are still low
relative risks high but absoltue are still low
Most important consideraitn for test selction
resources
- cost
equipment
profesionals
test quality - validty and relaibility
what inteded with resule
own technival proficeny/coaching ability
WHen is max power?
at 44% of max velcoity
What are some pros of bmi? cons?
pros - practical and good relaibility, easy to measure min risks
CONS - does not measure body comp
developed on white caucasion pop.
does not take frame size into account
social stigma
What are some things to consider when evaluating height, wast, weight circ? Diurnal Var?
Bad times tomeasure?
Diurnal vairaition is the biological daily cycle of change
It is best to take measurements first thing in the morning before eating/drinking/bowel
Bad times to measure - after travel, sauna, steam room, ilness or vigourous activity
what two method of measuring anthrpometry is the gold standard?
bodpod, DEXA
pos value or neg if hand is br back scracth test which arm reaches oevr top? how many trials?
dominant reaches over shoulder - 3 trials and tehn average of three
waht three things does balncing on one lef require?
asses static balance, leg strenfth and intefreationof visual and inner ear signals (vesitbular)
what are the two types of mass ?
Fat mass - less water, more setitance - high impedence
leab mass - mroe wayer, lower resistance (lower impedance)
What are major CV events that can cocur. They are more likely tooccur in ___ popualtions
MI and SCD - sedentary
what are all the functional movement tests
TUG, chair sit and reach, back scratch, 6 min walk test
when client wants to do test for athletic performance which power test to use?
margarita, standing long jump
what determines distance for the broad jump test? how many trials done?
between rear heel and start line. 3 trials
sit and rach - shoes or no. Exhale or inhale when reaching? how long to hold flexed psoition?
no and exhale/ 2 seconds
What does DEXA stand for and how does it measure?
Dual Energy x ray aborptiometry - DEXA
Imaging device meaures attentuation in x ray to contruct image and subsequent analysis of fat madd, fat free mas and bone mineral density
what does it mean to be funcitonally fit
abiltiy to perfom evryday activties safely and independtly without fatigue like hosuehold chsores,cgroceries, transit, recreational activies, it is a multidimesnional chracteristic regarding multipl components of fitness
What are key components of a test for msucular power?
need a time and distance component - time can be derived form gracity and distance
need to faciltate ft twict so hihg gorce prod
in gait speed test how far apar are the cones?
4 meters - walk as quick as possible
what are the risk factors assoc with cigareete smokers?
those who quit qithin 6 mnths or exposure to environmental smoke
what are some reasons tah resting measures aare improtant?
provides basic info on health and fitness
- advises practioner objectively on wether client is safe to exercsie
- provides baseline for nuber of systems
simplest/most accurat sata point
pte-test/post-test compatisoin
What are the two components to conduct pre-screening?
Self-report (subjective)
Clinical measures (objective)
Name 3 potential goals of testing for a sentary 55 year old with borderline hypertension
1) identify risk of CAD
2) Identiy cause of symtptoms (hypertension)
3) to prescribe exercise
4)evaluate health status
what are adv and disadv ofhysdrostatic weighing ?
Adv - historiclly gold standar - fun for administrator?
Disadv - impracical - complex - poor relaibility, resource havy
not comfortable for sibject
what is 30sec chait stand and how si it assessed
number of fully seated to fully standin reps in 30 escs
what are the three sppb testes
gait speed test, cahir stand x5, balance test
can onse single test evaluate msucular fitness
NO
what test might use to test static endurance?
Hand grip dynamometer(for 1 min) - also static strengthstrength» best is bent arm hang/prone plank
if someone completes 5 chair stiands in under 11/1 seconds how many points?
4
what are the pros and cons of skinfold?
Pros -requires little equipment/accesible cheap correlates highly with gold standard, good for talent ID/rec athletes
cons - can be uncomfortable for client, high techncial proficienyc lots of technical error, not apporp for all pop.
What do tensimeters measure. Pros and cons?
static stength -
pro - can measure different ROM, good for rehab, CON - not accessible
Imporatnt considertion for rest selction include…
Resources needed
* Cost
* Equipment (practicality, accessibility)
* Professionals and other staff
* Test quality – validity and reliability
* What do you intend to do with the results?
* Your own technical proficiency/coaching ability
what is the differnce between INTER anf INTRA tester reliability?
Inter - this refers to the degreee of agreement diff testers
intra - same tester but different trials
what is. a way to assess dynamic balance?
Y balnce test - person moves foot in Y - lower exreity coordinaation, balance, flex and strength
felcibility vs mobility
flexibility is more passive and is more about stretching - soft tissue lengthning and mobility is about moving the joint smoothly hroguh its full ROM and is more acitve
what is equation for work?
FD
what is RFD?
rate of force developement - maximal contracile rate of force devleopment
Reflets ability of neruomuscular system to generate verys teep increase in muscle force withing fraction of a second at onset of contraction - basivally how quickly a msucle can produce force
to conduct a power test you need to faciliate recruittment of ___ fibres
fast twitch
when a client want to do a tst for genral healtha dnwellness/healthy aging which power test should be used?
vertical jump
negative aspects of relying on anaerobic methods
accumualtion of H+ and Co2 - low ph and increased acidity in blood and muscle
glucose drawn into muscle casuing swelling
breoifly describe central vs peripheral fatigue. What do fatigue mechanisms depend on?
central leads to decresae in voluntary drive to motor neurons
peripheral is losss of force/power independent of neural drive
depdns on type, duation, intensity, fitness, environemnt
What age is a risk factor of CVD for men and women?
45 or over for men and 55 or over for women
SPPB is composed of? asses?
balance test,
Gait speed test
chari stand (x5)
lower exremity fucntion
What is there an icnreased risk for compared to CV event?
MSK injury 0 increase in botu realtive and absolute risk
all body compostion analysis is ____
INDIRECT
describe validity and relabilty vs practicality
lidity and reliability vs practicality
* It’s often a trade off which is true in multiple contexts
* The more accurate the test the less practical it is
* Tests that are more practical require attention to sources of error to maintain
robustness
For example….a push up test is very practical and requires little resources, but poor
execution will render it useless.
Compared to a cable tensiometer which is very robust and requires little
coaching/form/technique, however the equipment/technology needs means it’s not
practical for many
Take home point: ‘Field test’ can be robust and help achieve our goals of testing, but the
QEP must be aware of sources of error and work to mitigate them
endurance def
ability to exert submax force for exended periods
when do most msk injuries happen? how can we prevent?
Occurs when testing condcted high above the indivaidulas capcity or individual l is doing a new type of movement
COmmon in high impact acitvities
prevent - warm up, start low, good caoching/ontructions
What is high HR indicative of?
What is cut off for ex testing/ normal values?
CAD and all cause mortality
Cut off >99
nomral gen between50-90
what might be a factor that could imapct testing enviroment?
competiivne enviroment affecr reliability
HAnd grip indicates overall bodys strength. True or false?
True
what does the 30s chsai stand asses in seneiors?
lower body strength
what is the short short yphysical performance battery
a colletion of eericsees taht corerlt with perofrmanc ein activities of daily lcign to asses lower extrmeity fucntion - icnlude balance, speed, agility, and lower body strength. 3 tests are balance, gait speed test, chair stand test
What landmark should waste circumferance be taken at?
superior border of the ilaic crest. under clothes
what is. lwoer and upper body flexibility test that can be done on seniors
upper - back scratch
lower - chair sit and reach
what is the most commonway to measure hamstring and lowe back flex
sit and reach - good for gen pop and indcator for current poor back health
what does the single leg baalnce asses
static balance
Informed consent is a _______ process and not jsut a ___
ongoing. form.
What happens when there is no oxygen??
puruvate cannot enter krebs cycle, no NADH and FADH is produced, no etc, reduced capacit of ATP prod.
Name some reasons why scope of practice is important.
Important for a person centred approach
- Ensures that QEP’s practive within competency levels
- increases client safety
- increaess effectivesness of service rpocided
aids in effective refferals to other healthcare professionals
- Wha
name the components of test quality
Validity, reliability, sensitivity, specificity, objectivity
what are the 4 balanc challenge in the balance tes of short phsycial performacne battery
side by side stance, semi tandem, full tandem, single leg
what are som examples of dynamic musc strength tests? Why si it not good to asses musc strength using calisthenics?
1RM (i.e weighted pull uP) - weighted push up
Not great cause of fatigue/error - hard to standardize (no normatiev data) takes good coaching for valid and relaible results
What test might you use to test dynamic strength?
1RM?
What aree the two types of contraindications? What dot hey mean when testing?
absolute - no testing till condition is stbale
relative - can be superseded if benefit outweighs risk
Fatigue process begins as soon as someone starts to feel fatugued. true or false?
false - the fatigue process beings well before fatigue failire and manh times one wont notice capcity along the way in psot tests
what is sarcopenia
muscle disorder involving accelerate loss of mscule mass an fucntion with aging
to test for power it needs a ___ component and ___ component.
time and distance
When is the best time to assess body composition? What happens if you can not assess it at the best time?
Frist thing in the monring, if you can’t make usre to if retesting - do it at the same time and under same conditions as previously and document it - refer to documetnation before interpreting
pros and cons of DYNAMIC musc endurance test?
pros - no equip, techniques relatively simple if coached well
good for pre/post
easily modifed (eg sit to stand)
normatice data better wuality than static
con - intimatidng/offputting
what is 1RM?
the max weight that can be lifted for 1 complete rep with proper form and vleocity thru complete ROM
what are the 2 ways that ROM can be assesed?
active - motion achieved by participant with no external forcce - i.e voluntary
passice - motion achieve dby applcaition of external force
how ar SBBP graded?
point system - add u ak oiut if the 3 tests
static/isometric defintion/ Dynamic definintion
force generaed w no movement. Forec generated with visble join movement
what is some equipment you need when assesing musc strength with cable tensiometer? When is it mos often used?
tensiometer, steel cable, testing table, wall hook strap, goniometer for joint angle. Mostly used in Research - not gen pop or rehab
what is felxibility?
abillity to move joint thru full range of motion
risks of 1Rm?
injury and muscle sorenss - spotting can help
isokinetic defnintion. Isotonic definition.
force exerted at a constant velocity as join moves thru rom - controlled ecrternally/mechanically
isotonic - resitanc stays the same while msucle shrotens and lengthens
Name some common components of pre-screening
Pre-screening form, medical history, signs and symptoms, resting meaures (HR+BP)
Lifestyle eval., coronary risk factor analysis, physical examinaition, 12 ead ECG, informed consent
What is considered a perfect relationship between varaibles in relaibility?
r = 1/retest correlation of 1.
What is test specificity?
measure of the ability to correctly identify individuals with NO risk factors - avoid false positives or false negatives
What is anthrometry? what are some examples?
BMI (kg/m^2) , WC, waist to hip ratio
Body comp (fat vs lean mass)
- BIA
- DEXA
- SKinfold
what are some signs and symptoms of chronic disease at rest
Pallor/cyanosis (blueness in face)
Dyspnea (shortness of breath)
dizziness
ankle edma/swelling
Pain in necks arms, jaw chest
pain in legs while exercising
palpiations
heat murmur
Inn a healthcare setting the process of informed consent inclcudes waht 4 aspects?
- clients ability tio make a decsision
- explanation of info to make decision
clintent udnerstanding of info
clients voluntary decision to udnergo tst/get treatment
force is greatest at ____ velocities. Power is _____ at ___ velcoities
slow. power is decreased at slow velocities
Name some aspects of the standing height protcol
quipment calibration – check it starts at zero! Measure
something of known length and adjust if needed
* Check equipment operation (stadiometer)
* Bare feet
* Flat/even surface
* Heels, glutes, upper back touching wall
* Head in the Frankfort plane
* Use a set square with a 90 degree angle
* Control for hair volume
* Measurement is taken on a deep inhale
* Sensitivity: 0.1cm
Common protocol examples – height, weight, waist circumference
IS 1RM appropriate for novices. Why?
NO - requires familiarizaiton and good technique
What is a major souce of error in a power test
client not using max force (not motivated - testing intruction - calibraiotn fo equioment)
Name some components of medical history?
past med hsitory, current diagnoses, fam historu, meds, pregnancy
Purpose of info gathering and quesitons you should ask
Purpose is to determine the schedule of someones life, their motivation and their goals of exercise, readiness for change, build rapport, items useful for execis rpescp like gym membership
so that you can prescribe exercise most effectively. You could aska bout their daily routine, motivation to exercise, curent PA, what they enjoy, hobbies,family, tranportation
what is dynamic balcne defined as?
ability to maintain upright psotiion hile centre of gravity is movig outsie of supporting base
Name an example of testing validty.
DEXA vs BIA BF%
EXA BF % = 20% and BIA BF % = 30% so validity coefficient is 0.67
Therefore BIA is not a test with high validity
whar are 7 factors that affect mobility and flexibilility?
1) muscle length and elasticity - lonfe rmore elatic msucle allow greater ROM
2) joint structure - shape of join surface, lig attach and capsules - gentics play role +chronic dieseas elike arthritis
3) msucle strength and balance - weak/imbalances muscles leads to decreased joint support and reduced mobility
4) connective tissue health
- healthy tendons and ligaments needed to withstand stretch
- can be efected by injurt, collagen producation or chronic disease
5) age - decline w age due to changes in joint capsule and msucle atrophy
6) injury/scarring - limits joint mobility
7) CNS control - golgi tendon and msucle spindle in stretch/relax
which method of assessing, power, msucualr endurace/strength uses torque?
isokinetic tsr/dynaommemter
What can you do when 1RM is not appropriate. How>
Estimate 1 rm. Have them do more reps (-109 and use and equation to estimate) -
How can u itigate risk of someone falling during a balance test
good spotting, equipment close by for stbailiztion like a chair, appropriate footwear and flooring
What are some mechanisms of high BP?
Artery disease, pulmonary disease, kidney diesease, diabetes,obesity)
muscle tension varies withh ___ anf d__ and ____d
length and joint angle and velcoity
what is stanin g on on e leg essentaial for?
ADLs liek climbing staites,turning, dressing, fall risl
What is the recco for test order in single session (components of fitnes)
resting meaures, body cmp, CRF, musc fitness, felxibility
What is TEM?
technical error of measure (TEM) - the error pod when u compare your data to yoursellf and another criterion tester
how shpudl client stand for singl eleg balance test?
bafoot on flat surface with hands crossed on oppostie shoulders over chest - other foor near ankle f standing elg but not touching - ask client tot focus on marker on wall
What anthrometry measures are considered standard battery?
Heigh, weight and wait circumferance
best pacrice for effective communication with client is __
say u have to analyze data and compare norms before providing result and interpretation
What are two questions u could ask urself when considering scop eof rpactice?
is person safe to exercise and are they within my scope of practice?
in thomas test if upper leg is pointing to ceiling is test pos or neg? in what?
psotivie/stight hipflexor
what are some typical measurements of physical characteristics?
height, weight, WC, neck circu,, BMI
Lab test - cholesterol
age ethnicity
Vo2 max?
what does TUG test asses?
mostly agility
Since dirunal varation or when measurments are taken is often out of the control of administrators what can one do?
document the tiem and other variables
attemolt to re tesst at the same time of day under similar conditions
refer to testing documentation prior to interpretation
What is CRF?
The ability for the circ and resp system to deliver oxygen during sustained acitivty of large msucle groups
exmaples of static musc endurance test? dynamic?
prone plank
bent arm hanf
Dynamic - push up testa
What are the fundamental prinnciples of assesment/good exercise test?
realtaes to specific assesment objective
If there is a gold stanadard/criterion test or error of measurement
- calibration
- standardization
- interpretation - criterion referenced (eg:CSEP health benefita ratings). or normative standards
What are the components of test quality?
Test validity, reliability, sensitibity, specificity, onjectivity (intertester reliability)
What are the indications of exercise testing?
evaluate strengths and weakeness
evaluate health status
identify cause of symptoms
cAD
inform prescriptions
argogenic aid
identify athlete talent
wjat does dynamometer measure? PRos and cons
static strength .
PROS: Practical and eay to standardize
CONS: none it is best out of machines/free weifhts
good ___ is often key to successful exercise tests
monitoring
In younger indicidual <30/40 what are CV events usually due to?
What about in older adults?
Herditary or birth defect (congenital banomalities)
CAD prime cause in older adults - including asymptomatic/undoagnosed
In good monitoring we want to run a ____ and can measure symptoms using either ____ or ____ methods
symptom limited test
quantitative
qualitative
What are some improtant considerations when doing resting meaures for accuracy and technical proficency
pre test instruction - no smoking eating caffeine 2 hrs prior
no vigourous PA, alcohol 6 hours prior
test anxiet/envitonment, wuality, calibration, technique and accuracy
in the thomas test if upper leg is pointing to floor is the tst neg or pos
normal/neutral/neg hip flexor
diadvantags of using tensiometer?
need the equipment, resource needs, technique has to be done tight - better for static, complex
what are some sources of fatigue during musc endurance activities
reuction in sendinf and transmitting signlas from CNS
lack of CNS/nerual drive
less MN exciteabilit - weak AP - cannot depolarize membran eand travel to NMJ
less Ca+
reduced ACH
small motor neurons
thin myelin sheath
reduced excitaiton contraction coiple. = failed neruomsuc tranmission
the overall effect is on less crossbridges being formed, reduced force form Cb and slow CB cycly rate
What are some pros and cons of BIA?
pros - measure body comp - allegeddlt
accesbible
COns
- poor relaibility/sensitotvot
assu,es frame size
anuthing that chamnges resitnace with change BF prediion
- wter, food elevtrolyte
What is the test called that asses hamstring and hip flexors wher eth e person is lting on back
Thomas test
adavntmages and disadvantages of skinfolds
adv: correlates highly with gold standard
feasib.e (quick, cheap and accesible)
good for talent ID, recreational athletes
Disadv: high level of technical profficiency
uncomfotrable for client and unnecesary
not appropriate for all pop.
what are adv and disadv of using a goniometer
adv - provides immefdaiet ROM feedback
IDentifies msucle imbalncces
easy to measure pre/post test
provides baseline emasure and helps with goal setting
good test quality when completed proficiently
disadv
- knwoeldge of anantomy req
requries technical skill/proficienty in operation
no universally accepted norms
often doesnt refelet mobilitya dn fucntional movement
- often indiviudals with poor flexibility compensate in other joins to ahiceve the desired movement
What is rationale for testing muscular fitness
eliminate sedentry behaviour becauase it puts us at risk as we get older of injury
peak strength occur in mid-lte twenties and declines after.
Improved athletic performance:
- strength
-endurance
-power
-speed
- agility
Reduces risk of injury, excessive fatigue, poor efficiency
Assessment of neuromuscular & musculoskeletal fitness provides information about client’s capacity to perform daily activities, cope with emergencies, avoid injury & disability and maintain functional independence as they age (CSEP, 2020)
What is test validity?
ex?
Ability of a test to measure accurately, with min error, a specific physical fitness component
Ex: does grips strength directly realtae to musc strenght??
What is the prupose of an evidence based pre-screening form?
To identify pre-existing conditions - last 6 months
If has condition - detemine if stabl eor unstable
When using a dynomometer to measur sttic endurance - instead of measuring max strength u measure …
force over period of time
whar are the three characteristics of a chait good sit and reach. How do you measure?
n boucne/ smooth movement
knee rmains stright
hodl dstretch for 2 seconds
measure distance between fingers and toes
past toes is pos and not reaching = neg or 0 = jsut touching
Whaat are the considerations for test selection and execution..Tes__
Testo, order, environment, timing and quality
What is explosive strength?
rapid rate of joine movement rise or contractile rate of torque development. How fast does torque devleop? (I.e around ais) - highly correalted with max strenfth and highly related to dynamic perfomance
In pre-screenig wht is a stable health condition defined as ?
Diagnosed over 6 mths ago
condition is medially managed and asymptomatic
No change to care plan in 6 mnths
no change to meds in 6 mnths
What are the components of physical fitness?
CRF - cardiorespritatory
Body composition %
Muscular endurance
muscular strength
flexibility
what type of validity is high in fucntional fitness testing?
face validity - tst looks like factor th tais being assesed
what are som ways to assess power
Vertical jump, margaria stair test, broad jump test, most typical aboce - also: dynamic muscle testing w isokinetic tests (Isokinetic dynamometer), dartfish
when should you take the WC measurement? What is sensity?
end of a normal expiration. 0.5cm
True or false. there is more concetric force at a highgh velocity than eccentric force
False. More Eccentric force at faster velocities than at any speed of a concentric contraction
define musc fatigue
loss of force/power output in response to voluntary effor leading to decreased perforamnce
describe how to test musc endurance using hand grip dunamometer or cable tensiometer. Is tes uality high?
squeexe dynamometer as hard as possible for 1 min -record intiald force and final force - find realtie enduranc which is final fore/intial x100. High test quality
what are the key considerations when deciding which test to use?
client Familirization with exercsie, if client is givin max effot, follwoing instruction , calibration, if your qualified to testi and knowledgable, environemental condition, client comfort test order, practicality
What are some options for monitoring
HR, BP, RPE, expired gases, angina, dyspnea, leg pain, electrocardiam, o2 sat, blood glucose, clincal signs and symptoms
name commmon components of the pre-screening process
Pre-screen form
medical history
signs and symptoms of metbaolic renal or CV disease
lifestyle evalu
Coronary risk factor analysis
physical exam
12lead ECG
informed consent
How do we determine validity and how is it measured/
Determine validty by taking criterion/gold standard direct measures and comparing them to indrect.
Measured using the validity coefficient which is the relationship between two tests
what can isokinetic dynamometers like biodex asses?
strength, endurance and power
advantages and disadvantaged of senior fit test
advantages - eary to conduct, safer for seniors and assessing fucntional movement
disadv - no normative data so can be hard to compar
what was impaaired one leg balane a predictor of?
injurios falls in older adults
what does functional fitness testing target prescription for?
odler adults
decreasing risk of falls and injurueis
age related bone mineral loss, maintiang lean mass, imprvong g;ycolytic pathways
Imrpoved QOL functinal independence, ADLs and rec activities
When is the measurement taken for standing heigh protocol?
On deep inahlee
can test that are high quality still have error ?
sts that generally have high quality will still have error if it’s poorly executed
(i.e. equipment’s not calibrated or fitted properly, or if max effort isn’t used)
Tests that are hard to standardize or that have complex/technical procedures
can have poor reliability
Always consider test quality
what is a major source of error fot the amrgaita test?
stopwatch for time - could use 2/3 timers and take an average - practical tset with good application to performcne
WHat does BIA stand for?
Bioelectrical impedence analysis
What is scope of practice? Incldues both ___ and ___ elements
Defines ___ and ____ based on education, experience and laws
describes wht practices you can and should do with your profession/certification/accreditations. Both LEGAL and ETHICAL
Defines boundaries and limtiations based on training educations, experience and laws
why should u test mobility and flexibility?
poor = decreaed performacne in ADL’s
eg shulder to reach above head - tie shoes
poor flex is predicitor of injury or low back pain
Identifies deficiencies and imabalces to improv QOL
comapre changes over time
injury rehab
what is the TUG test? wht does it assess?
paritcipant goes froms eated pos up and walks around cone and then returns to seatd position
is exercise machine cosnstant or varible resiticance? pros and cons
both
pros -senior
cons - limited ROM, pre-determined increments
what is test sensitivity?
prbability of corecclty identifying indicidual who have risk factors for a specific diseases (ex: the probability of correctly diagnosing individuals with CVD risk factors using
BMI and WC cutoff values))
strength definition
ability of muslce group to max contractile foce in single contaragtion
what method of anthropemtry is used for diagnoses osteroperosis?
DEXA
what two body parts does thomas test asses?
Hip flexor and quadricep
Name signs and symptoms of CV, Metabolic or renal di
PDDPAL
Pain/discomfort (chest, jaw, arms, neck)
Dyspnea (shrotness of breath)
Dizziness/syncope
Pallor/cyanosis (someone look blue/grey)
Ankle edema (swelling)
Lowe leg pain/intermitten claudication (pain in lower extremities with exericse, more sever in uphill walking - dissapears 1- 2min after stop)
OTHER
- heart murmurs,
palpitaions, unusual fatiigue, othopnea (shrotness of beath while lying down)
Is it necessary to separate out these components of power in most typical
situations?
most typical training situations its not neccesary - often strength training incoorporates all 3 without seperarting o ave time nad resources
useful if sport specific demannd(sprinter foocus on RFD basketball reacitve strength for jumping) , identifying wakenes or specific trianign goals (like improving jumo height).
for vertical jump test, how many trials, how muchr rest?
3 trials, 15 sec rest - meaure standing rach height and jump hegiht
what are the potential problems with subjective measure of prescreening?
subjctive - self-report
- Client relaiability
- Memory, accuracy, bias, deception
Name some components of the informed consent process - what is it, and what is it not?
Ecplaing the procedure and purpose of teststo the client, the risks and benefits, how you will be using the data, that client has voluntary decison to withdraw ehenevr (freedom of consent)
in Thomas test if there is large angle at bottome legt (pointing more up) is it pos or neg
postiiev/tight quadricep
Name some environmental considerations of testing?
Test anxiet, temperature, attire, privacy, client comfort
what are 4 contraindications to power tests?
osteoporosis
low back pain
acute msk injurt/issus to knee/ankle
balance issues
what is DSI? when is it used/
Dynamic strength index - used for RFD (rate of force developement) HIgh DSI = high RFD
What are some goals of info gathering?
learn about them - background, lifestyle, daily routine
gain info to guide test selction
gain info for useful ex prescrip (i.e gym memb)
discover motivation
residness for change
Desire to undertake assesment
BUILD RAPPORT
What are the goals of testing?
To evaluate strengths +weakness, to evaluate health status, to determine athletic talent, to identify cause of symptoms, to identify risk of CAD, to prescribe exercise, evaluate effectiveness of a prescription
When results used to compare normative data/classifications/evaluate health status they need a _____ tet quality compared to thos with th eprimary purpose of test-retest
higher
INFormed consent form typically includes what?
- list and descriptoon of test to complete
- purpose of test
- explanation of procedure
- risk and discomforts
- benefits and alternatives
- confidentiality clause and use of info
- inquireis
- ## agreement/freedom of consent
what is lifestyle valuation/info gathering for
Determine clients daily life, family, habits and other risks
waht is assessing reactive stength more fore? How is it assessed?
high performance sport - need to isolate concentric and compare to eccentric-concentric movement - compare counte rmocement jump height to squat jump
when is patient scored 0 in the 30 esc chair stanc
if they use their arms
as velcoity increases _____ decreases and ___ increases
force ecreases power increases
Describe the difference between, reactive strength, rate of force development, and explosive strength
reative strength involves SSC (stretch shortening cycle) and involves quickly genrting force after stretch/eccentric (jumping after landing)
rfd is how fast the msucle can actually produce the force regardles of the movement
ecplosive strength combines strength and speed and is the ability to do MAX force quickly
what is 6 min walk tst and who is it condited on?
waalk as far as possible in 6 mins and - self apced submaximal test. assseses aerobic endurance/funtional capacity.
pros and cons of cable machine? rsistance is…
Pros - none
cons alters mechanica advantage, flututing forces. variable
Whare are family history risk factors for CVD?
MI, coronary revasc, suddent death before 55 in father/firs ddegree male or before 65 in mother/female frist degree
what is plethysmography - hydrostatic weighing. Direc ot idnirect?
under water wegjt measures chane sinw ater colume. m4sures changes in water volume to Directly measure body density
What is high BP indicative of>?
What is cutoff?
liekly to have CVD or MI and strokes
over 160/90 is hard cutoff
Regsrdless of assesment ____ and ___ is ket for quality?
technical proficiency and reliable measurement
what are adv and disadv of bodpod?
adv - gold standard in mdoern times - high validty
pracrical and good reliability
disadv - resource heavy
nota ccesible for most
requires tight fitting clothing
has a limit on frame size - no fat football players
is it ood to asses musc endurance using calisthenics?
yes - high test quality when psaticipant has baseline req strenghth
what is a static vs dynamic musc endurance test?
static measures with time as varaible and the sarcomere remains the same length the entire test
dynamis reauires movements over full ROM and number of reps as cariable
What validity coefficient is considered poor for indirect tests?
less than 0.8
what is observer effect?
Client acts cettain way to anxiety or fear of judgement
Speed is kept constant when using isokinetic dtnamometers? true or false?
true -
what is power/
product of force you can create over cerain time period
the ___ risk of CV event during or shortly after ecercise is ___
Risks are __ for those with CAD or CVD Howevere are high for _____. individuals
abs0lute, rare
Still low, high for sednetary individuals
