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PNB 2XC3 2024 > MIDTERM 1 > Flashcards

MIDTERM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What characterizes animals? What traits are unique to animals?

A

● Nervous system
● Heterotrophs
● Cell wall
● Mobility
● Free will??
● Learned behaviors

● sexual production could count but plants and fungi also have sexual production so its not unique to animals

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2
Q

**Animal definition

A

● Animal: an organism that feeds on organic matter, typically having specialized sense organs and nervous system and able to respond rapidly to stimuli

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3
Q

**What kingdom are animals in? what makes it special?

A

● Kingdom Animalia

● One of the 3 kingdoms of multicellular organisms (the other two are plants and fungi)

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4
Q

“Nothing in biology and psychology…..______ ________ ________ ___ ______ ___ ________________”

A

Nothing in biology and psychology makes sense except in light of evolution

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5
Q

uses of animal behaviour reserach?

A
  • entertainment
  • protection of rare endangered animals
  • model systems for human applications
  • control of pests and damage reduction
  • we are animals
    > helps us understand our own behaviours (EX: aggression gene in fruit flies)
    > we depend on animals to survive as food
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6
Q

How do animals affect our daily food? ( EX: apples)

A
  • pollination
  • pests
  • biological control
  • seed dispersal
  • fertilizer
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7
Q

steps of the scientific method (6)

A
  • Observation
  • Hypothesis formulation
  • Testable predictions/ experiment
  • analyze data
  • draw conclusions
  • communicate result
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8
Q

Causes of observed improvements in control treatments

A

● Spontaneous improvement
● Statistical regression to the mean
● Placebo effect
● Biases (EX: patient being polite)
● Co-interventions (EX: painkillers)

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9
Q

Causes of observed improvements in no treatment

A

● Spontaneous improvement
● Statistical regression to the mean
● Other interventions (EX: painkillers)

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10
Q

Explain Animal life history

A

● Most animals start life small
● Individuals that stay alive grow (develop) to sexual maturity (and sometimes continue growing)
● Of individuals that stay alive, some reproduce, all age and die

  • Different species will have different life histories, with focus and resources allocated for one area vs another.
  • behaviours within an animal’s life history will change depending on the stage they are on. the behaviours and time spent in each stage will be different depending on the species

● Survival
● Growth
● Reproduction
● Aging

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11
Q

What are the intellectual standards?

A
  • clarity (can i understand)
  • accuracy (is it right or wrong)
  • precision (can it be more specific, details?)
  • relevance ( is it sufficiently related to the issue?)
  • depth (complexities and interrelation ships?)
  • breadth (multiple points of view?)
  • logic ( does it follow from the evidence/ make sense?)
  • significance (is it important?)
  • fairness (conflict of interest? biases?)
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12
Q

What are the elements of analytic thinking

A
  • Examples
  • whats the purpose, question/ problem?
  • assumptions
  • data, facts, experiences
  • concepts, theories
  • conclusions
  • implications, consequences
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13
Q

What are the Scientific approaches

A

● FUNCTION (WHY) vs mechanism (how)
● ULTIMATE vs Proximate mechanisms
● ADAPTIVE SIGNIFICANCE vs machinery (genetics, physiology, neurobiology, endocrinology)

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14
Q

Explain/ compare the scientific approaches, FUNCTION (WHY) vs. Mechanism (how)

A
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15
Q

Explain/ compare the scientific approaches, ULTIMATE vs Proximate mechanisms

A
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16
Q

Explain/ compare the scientific approaches, ADAPTIVE SIGNIFICANCE vs machinery (genetics, physiology, neurobiology, endocrinology)

A
17
Q

What is animal behaviour?

A

Self generated movement of either a body part ot the whole body in animals

18
Q

What are the essential behaviours of Animal behaviour? (4 F’s)

A

feeding
fleeing (evading predation)
fighting
fornicating (sexual behaviour and reproduction)

● (sleep) could be argued as physiological
● (social interactions) typically related to sexual behavior

19
Q

Explain the essential behaviours of animal behaviour (4 F’s)

A

● FEEDING: Acquiring nutrients necessary for survival, tissue maintenance and repair, energy expenditures on the two essential behaviors and growth

● FLEEING/ PREDATOR AVOIDANCE: Staying away from dangerous locations, fleeing when predators approach

● FORNICATING/ REPRODUCTION: Producing offspring in females; successful mating in males

● FIGHTING/ AGGRESSION:
○ Not necessary condition, but is quite common in
most species
○ Fighting within species

            ○ Why
                ■ Access to better quality or safer food sources
                ■ Access to females
20
Q

What mechanisms can change behaviour over time? Explain.

A
  1. Evolution
  2. Learning

all behaviours have originated through their evolution or learning

21
Q

Define evolution

A

A change over GENERATIONS in the proportions of individual organisms differing genetically in one or more traits

22
Q

Which Mechanisms can change other biological traits?

A

● Natural selection
● Genetic drift
● Mutations
● Non random mating
● Gene flow
● injury/disease
● Evolution
● Epigenetics
○ Non heritable changes in genetic material from
parents to offspring
● Development / aging
● Acclimatization

23
Q

Define learning

A
  • is the ability to acquire an internal representation of new info
  • an individual may use that info to determine subsequent behaviours
24
Q

Explain Individual vs Social Learning

A

● Information learned by an individual is lost when it dies

● Information that is learned from others can remain in the population for many generations

● Social learning allows faster spread of a newly learned behavior among individuals and transfer of that behavior between generations

25
Q

How does behaviour evolve? evolution of behaviour. how does evolution occur?

A
  • Evolution by
  • artificial selection
  • natural selection
  • genetic variation
  • heritability
  • inclusive fitness
26
Q

Explain Evolution by artificial selection

A

● The process by which humans using selective breeding change over time
○ the proportions of individuals differing genetically
in one or more traits
● Artificial selection can succeed only with a trait that has heritable variation
● heritability the contribution of genes to the observed variation in a trait

  • unique to humans
27
Q

Explain Evolution by natural selection

A

● Change over generations in the proportions of individuals differing genetically in one or more traits that affect fitness

● Necessary conditions for evolution by natural selection
○ HERITABLE individual VARIATION that
corresponds to variation in FITNESS

28
Q

Explain Artificial vs natural selection

A

● Artificial: the variation in reproductive success (fitness) of individuals is determined by humans who decide which individuals reproduce

● Natural selection: the variation in reproductive success (fitness) of individuals determined naturally

29
Q

What traits are not heritable?

A

● Language
● Religion
● Bias’
● Hobbies
● Episodic memory
● Style

30
Q

Explain mapping of QTL

A

If the inheritance of a genetic marker is associated with the inheritance of a particular trait, the marker must be linked to the trait

31
Q

Explain Variation in genotypes

A

A given genotype has an average phenotypic value but individuals sharing this genotype vary because of environmental effects

32
Q

Explain how Normal Distribution works, what it means

A

● Higher variance means that individuals are more
different
○ Longer width and short

● Lower variance means that individuals are more the
same
○ Shorter width and taller

● Normally ~68% (or was it %70) are within one SD (standard deviation)
● ~96% are within two SD

33
Q

❗What are the components of phenotypic variance?

A

Phenotypic variance = genetic variance + environmental variance
○ V(p)=V(g)+V(E)

Heritability (broad)
○ h(b)^2=V(g)/(V(g)+V(e))

Heritability (narrow)
○ h(b)^2=V(a)/V(p)

The proportion of phenotypic variance that is caused by additive genetic variance

V(a) = additive genetic variance
○ Depends on both magnitude of additive effects
of allele frequency

V(g) consists of additive and non additive components

34
Q

what are two sources of variation? Explain each

A

genetic variance
- average amount of variance
among genotypes

environmental variance
- Average amount of variance
among individuals within the
same genotype

35
Q

what does ‘narrow sense heritability’ mean?

A

narrow sense heritability equals the slope of the regression (y=bx)

PNB 2XC3 2024 (2 decks)

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