Midterm 1 Flashcards
What is language?
A highly sophisticated way of communication
- symbolic, rule-based, and generative
-Language may be spoken, written, gestures, or signed
-Constantly evolving and changing
Organic communication disorder
The cause of the communication disorder is known; Identifiable medical diagnosis or other condition that is causing the communication disorder
Ex: Aphasia due to stroke, Speech sound disorder due to cleft lip/palate
Functional communication disorder
No medical diagnosis
-No organic cause to the problem
Ex: speech delay
Habilitation
helping someone develop/improve a skill
-Ex: kid seeing a SLP to help language
Rehabilitation
helping someone regain a skill that was lost
-Ex: got in a car crash and can’t walk, so they go to physical therapy to relearn
Compensatory
someone might have an issue that cannot be resolved, so you help them adapt/deal with it
ex: a communication board for people who can’t speak, or a wheelchair for those who can’t walk
What degree does an SLP need to practice clinically?
masters
What is the ASHA Big 9?
the wide scope of interests SLP’s and AuD can work in
What degree does an AuD need to practice clinically?
doctoral degree
Speech mechanisms (3 divisons)
resonance system (filter), Phonatory system (source), and the respiratory system (power)
resonance system
-filter
-oral cavity: lips, teeth, tongue, jaw, soft palate, hard palate
phonatory system
-source
-includes the larynx
larynx function in the phonatory system
- airway protection: epiglottis flips over and shuts, so food doesn’t go down; makes it go down the esophagus. Similar to vocal folds; they open when you breathe and shut when you swallow
- source of sound (vocal fold vibration)
respiratory system
-power
-includes: ribcage, diagram, and lungs
rest vs speech breathing
For speech breathing, you breathe in a big inhale of air and talk on it until you need more air, you don’t need a lot of breaths per word. For rest breathe a little bit of air taken in in little inhales and exhales
Vital capacity and how it differs in rest vs speech breathing
Vital capacity is the maximum amount of air a person can exhale after a full inhalation. In speech breathing, a larger portion of the vital capacity is used compared to rest breathing, where inhalations and exhalations are more shallow and controlled.
2 divisions of the nervous system
CNS and PNS
CNS
brain and spinal cord
PNS
cranial nerves and spinal nerves
the brain 3 gross divisions
brainstem, cerebellum, cerebrum
brainstem
autonomic functions; breathing heart rate, swallowing; info hiway for sensory and motor pathways
cerebellum
Controls and regulates motor movements. Rate, range, force, posture, balance, and coordination
cerebrum
-has two layers: grey and white matter
grey matter
outer part composed of cell bodies; processing and regulation of information
White matter
inner part composed of axons (covered in white sheath of myelin); allows communication across different brain areas and with the periphery
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) system
protects the brain by providing cushioning the brain in the fluid (shock absorption), floats brain, removes waste
corpus callosum
left hemisphere and right hemisphere through white matter; tracts coordination
4 lobes of the brain
frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal
frontal lobe
expressive language (Broca’s area LH), motor movement, executive functions (planning), personality, last to develop
Broca’s area
In left hemisphere; expressive language
temporal lobe
auditory cortex, language comprehension (Wernickes area LH)
Wernickes area
In left hemisphere; language comprehension
parietal lobe
final destination for sensory information, proprioception
occipital lobe
primary visual cortex, other visual processing
Cranial nerves (motor)
Trigeminal, facial, vagus, hypoglossal
trigeminal (cranial nerve)
chewing and jaw movement
facial (cranial nerve)
lips
vagus (cranial nerve)
vocal cords, raising the velum
hypoglossal (cranial nerve)
tongue
Cranial nerves sensory
trigeminal and vestibolcochlear
vestibulocochlear
hearing
Primary motor cortex vs primary somatosensory cortex
Movement vs senses
ex: if i wanna move my finger I use the motor cortex, but it wanna feel my fingers, I use the somatosensory cortex
speech
refers to the sounds of spoken language
-includes articulation, voice, fluency
language
refers to the words and symbols used by a group in a conventional way
-can be spoken, signed, written
-3 components (form, use, content) and 5 domains (phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics)
phoneme
smallest unit of speech
-to/do
-to/moo
-to/sue
to/koo
-T, d, m, s, and k are all different phonemes
allophone
variations don’t distinguish meaning and therefore are all perceived as the same phoneme
-aspirated vs unaspirated
-clear vs dark
ex: in light and little, still same phoneme
place
where constriction is made
manner
how constriction is made
vowels
either
1. monophthongs: single vowel
- hot, cat, bit, feet
2. diphthongs: a blend of two vowels, perceived as a single phoneme
properties of vowels
-tongue height: high, mid, low in oral cavity
-place of production (tongue): front, central, or back
-lip position: rounded or unrounded
-muscle tension: tense or tax
-all vowels are voiced
prosody
rate (how fast you speak), rhythm (pattern of stress vs unstress), and intensity (raising the pitch of your voice vs keeping it flat)
suprasegmental
speech features that are added over multiple segments
-two-syllable words either have stress on first syllable or last syllable
infant speech perception
-preference for human faces (close together)
-prefer speech (specially who they heard in uetro) over other auditory stimuli
-can initially perceive most native and nonnative phonetic contrasts
-declines sensitivity to nonnative phonemes around 10-12 months
stages of babbling
-cooing and gooing, oo vowels
-vocal play
-marginal babbling: CVs and VCs
–Ma, dooo, ug
-Canonical (reduplicated) babbling: reduplicated and rhythmic, Cs and Vs stay the same
–mamamamamma and dadadad
-variated babbling and jargon: Cs and Vs are not reduplicated; jargon= good prosody, rhythm pausing, adult like
—-madeegoo
General speech development milestones: Early
-Master vowels and diphthongs at 36 months
-Nasal, glides at 40 months
-Stops at 48
General speech development milestones: late
-Liquids
-Fricatives
-Affrictives
-clusters
Articulation
motor ability to produce the precise articulatory configurations to produce a given phoneme
Phonology
knowledge of the sound system of language
-What sounds are contrastive, and what sound combinations are allowed
-May be able to articulate a sound but don’t understand how specific sounds affect the meaning of the word
Phonological processes
the way children naturally simplify word shapes to those they can successfully say
-Not about the accuracy of an individual sound, but whether an entire class of sounds or syllable shapes is produced correctly
Atypical vs typical phonological processes
Typical:
-Final constant deletion: moo for moon
-Cluster reduction: back for black
-Stopping of fricatives: tun for sun
-Gliding of liquids: yight for light
Atypical:
-Backing: coy for toy
-Initial constant deletion: ed for bed
-Fricatives replacing stops: sop for stop
-Stopping of glides: darn for yarn
Receptive language
language comprehension
-Ability to understand spoken and written words
-Dont requires speaking/writing
-Receptive language is more advanced then expressive language
Expressive language
Language production
-Ability to put thoughts into spoken and written words and sentences in a way that makes sense and is grammatically accurate
3 components and 5 domains of lauage
- form: structure
-phonology: small unit of a sound that distinguishes meaning
-morphology:smallest unit of a language that has meaning (words and all the little pieces that can be added to change the meaning of the word
-syntax - Content: meaning
-semantic - use:why and how
-pragmatics
Basic milestones
-First words appear around the 1st bday (10-13 months)
-Begin combining words once they have 50 words in vocab
–Mommy go, more juice, night night
18-24 months
At what age do children become intentional communicators
around 9 months
MLU
mean length of utterance
-total # of morphemes/total # of utterances
-corresponds to a child age
functional SSD
no known cause for SSD
organic SSD
known cause for SSD
ex: cleft lip and palate
types of SSD’s
Substitution error: see → tree
Omission error (skipping/combining letters bc word is hard to pronounce): spaghetti → ghetti
Distortion error: frontal lisp; sat → that
Addition error (adding extra vowel): dog → doga
Articulation vs phonology
Articulation is the motor ability to control the articulatory mechanism to produce sounds while phonology is the ability to organize the rule-based patterns that sounds follow to create words
-articulation is about how sounds are made, while phonology is about how sounds are organized in a language system
Articulation vs phonological disorder
Articulation disorders are usually problems that are restricted to one or a few sounds that are motorically difficult. They’re usually understood by others. The problem may or may not be due to obvious structural differences. They’re usually not associated with other problems. A phonological disorder affects a whole class of sounds (fricatives, final constants, weak syllables.
Components of Assessment for SSD
-Hearing screening (rules out SSD due to HL)
-Oral mechanism exam- structure of jaw, palate, lips, tongue and function , CN exam (Rule out structural SSD or MSD)
-DDK (diadochokinetic rate testing) measure of speech motor control (rule out MSD)
-Phonemic inventory - what sounds are in childs repertoire
–Norm-referenced assessment
–Speech sampling
-Stability testing
–For goal planning
stop/plosive
replacing sounds that are made with continue airflow with easier sounds that stop air flow (Instead of F they’ll use P or B)
fricative
partially obstruct the airsatream to create a precise flow of air/turbulence. Lots of f, v, s, z, sh
affricative
a stop and fricative. completely obstruct the airtsream then release it with turbulence
liquid
simpler sounds for L AND R!!!!
wide for ride
glides
using simpler sounds for y and w
ex: yellow= yeyoh
nasal
n, m, ng. only sounds in english made with airflow through the nasal cavity
cluster reduction
when a consonant cluster is reduced to a single consonant
ex: back for black
final consonant deletion
deletion of the final constant in a word
ex: ca for cat
omission error
skipping/combining letters becayse a word is too hard to pronounce
ex: giraffe –> raffe
distortion error
lisp
addition error
adding a extra vowel to then end of a word
