midterm 1 Flashcards
what are the steps involved in skills
perception
decision
action
what is a skill
goal directed
reproducible
Time and energy efficient
open vs. closed skills
open = variable and unpredictable environment
closed = constant predictable environment
discrete vs serial vs continuous skills
discrete= easily distinguished start and finish, very short duration
serial= string of discrete skills to make a more complex action
continuous= arbitrary beginning and end point. flowing behaviour for minutes or hours
what idea did the Flanagan & Rao study challenge
if people prefer perceived efficiency vs actual efficiency
How can reproducibility be measured for a skill
measure the certainty using constant error, absolute error, variable error
what is the difference between constant error, absolute error and variable error
constant error is the directional error
absolute error is the average distance from target. this measures accuracy
variable error is the standard deviation of scores from own total average. measure of precision or consistency
How are continuous tasks certainty measured
Root mean square error
What is a model
a useful tool to simulate and simplify a real thing. Can be broken down to help understand the different parts
Is not the real thing
What does humans as IPs mean
humans interpret information and output a response
what is the three stage model of humans as information processors
a serial process
perception(stimulus identification)->decision(response selection)->action(response programming)
What is reaction time
reaction time is the time between stimulus and the start of the response.
it encompasses the entirety of the 3 stage model
How can increasing the number of choices impact reaction time
it increases it as time is required to assess the appropriate response
how can increasing the number of stimuli impact reaction time
it increases it as time is required to identify the stimuli
what characteristics does a good hypothesis have
related to research question
specific
directional prediction
testable prediction
what factors influence reaction time
number response alternatives
stimulus response compatability
practice
what is Hick’s law
relationship between RT and number of SR-pairs
logarithmic relationship
rt=Log2(SR pairs)
double the SR pairs results in the same RT increase
What is SR compatibility
how intuitive the response is the the stimulus
ex. pressing the red button when a red light is exposed
what is spacial SR compatibility
SR compatibility in the spacial environment.
ex. driving a rear wheel steering vehicle
what is a population stereotype for SR compatibility
differences in how people of different population may perceive how natural a response is.
eg. driving on the left
How can practice influence RT
reduce both simple and choice RT
effect is more obvious as increases in SR pairs and incompatibility RT
cannot fully eliminate RT
What is anticipation
prediction of what’s going to happen next can allow response section and response programming to happen ahead of time
Spacial anticipation vs. temporal anticipation
spacial is knowing what or where something is going to happen.
eg. goalie predicting where ball will go
temporal is knowing when the event will happen
eg. diving off the blocks by predicting when staring beep will be based on the on your marks ready calls.
what are the pros and cons of anticipation
pros. if successful can reduce the RT
Cons. failure will cost significantly more to fix than if anticipation never happened.
if you anticipate wrong, the action must happen then you must restart IP 3 steps
What conditions make anticipation more consistent
closed environment. predictable and constant factors make it easier
what are the 3 types of memory
Short term sensory store, short term, long term
what is attention
an ability to focus on one stimuli
intentional
limited. increased attention on one thing will reduce attention to others
what is parallel processing
handling 2 streams of info at once
what is the stroop effect
competition between the response to the colour word and the ink colour
what is the cocktail party effect
in a loud room and focused on one conversation, you can still hear and comprehend someone else saying your name
what is inattentional blindness
focus on one info stream reduces awareness of other info streams
what is the difference between a controlled and automatic task
controlled is voluntary, slow, sequential and attention demanding.
automatic is non conscious, fast and low attention demanding
how is multitasking realistic
when both of the tasks are not controlled.
how can controlled tasks become automatic
practice
production units assist in reducing attention by creating S-R pairs that can be done automatically
How do fakes demonstrate a limit in movement programming
by deceiving another player into making a response selection and initiating the programming the player doing the fake can switch actions which the other player cannot follow because he cannot start another movement while programming the first
What is the psychological refractory period
once the response programming is initiated, you cannot program the response to a secondary stimuli.
this results in a slower second response. the response is slower when the initial movement is more complex or when it is starting or ending
if they happen within 50ms of each other, both are treated as one response and programmed at once. no RT difference. this is called grouping
what is arousal
level of activation of the CNS
what is the inverted U principle
graph of performance compared to arousal.
there is an ideal amount of arousal for optimal performance in activities. Different for everyone but follows similar trend.
how can the stimulus identification section of IP be affected by arousal
increasing arousal reduces perceptual field but also increases amount of attention. Hard to see big picture but ultra focused on one thing. Low arousal will allow someone to see everything but not pay a lot of attention to anything in particular.
what is choking
making the wrong decision due to internally focusing and controlling an automatic task. undoes the work of practice.
what is exteroception
the 5 senses but primarily hearing and sight
what is proprioception
sensory info about state of body that comes from muscles joints and movements
what is the vestibular apparatus. what do they do
sense organs in the inner ear. detects balance, posture and head movement
what are the joint receptors. what do they do
detect extreme range of motions in joints. located in the
what are the muscle spindles and what do they do
they are imbedded in the muscle and detect changes in muscle length
what are the Golgi tendon organs and what do they do
they are imbedded in the the tendons and they detect muscle force
what are the cutaneous receptors and what do they do
they are a group of sensory organs in the skin that detect pressure and temperature
does active and passive movement feel the same
no. proprioception takes into account own muscles contracting.
what is a closed loop control system
process of controlling movement that occurs during the movement. constantly adjusting and evaluating movement to meet goals.
what is the efference copy
copy of motor plan sent early to brain to compare with actual movement observed.
When is motor plan developed
response programming
what is the limit of closed loop control systems
slow. 3 corrections a second
what is M1
response to muscle spindle stretch to oppose. reflex from spinal cord. 30-50ms. very weak, involuntary
useful for maintaining posture.
what is M2
long loop reflex. signal from M1 to the spinal cord is sent to the brain which then sends the command back. 50-80ms. is more flexible and could do something different than oppose stretch
what is M3
human as IP and closed loop system
completely flexible and voluntary
much stronger and sustained
what is the triggered reaction
non voluntary reflex from m2 but for muscles away from the stimulation. common for bracing
what is obtained when combining the m1, m2, m3
one movement
what are the dorsal and ventral streams in the brain
the dorsal stream is responsible for the how. programs for movement with objects. non conscious
the ventral stream is responsible for the what
It IDs objects. conscious
