midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the steps involved in skills

A

perception
decision
action

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2
Q

what is a skill

A

goal directed
reproducible
Time and energy efficient

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3
Q

open vs. closed skills

A

open = variable and unpredictable environment

closed = constant predictable environment

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4
Q

discrete vs serial vs continuous skills

A

discrete= easily distinguished start and finish, very short duration

serial= string of discrete skills to make a more complex action

continuous= arbitrary beginning and end point. flowing behaviour for minutes or hours

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5
Q

what idea did the Flanagan & Rao study challenge

A

if people prefer perceived efficiency vs actual efficiency

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6
Q

How can reproducibility be measured for a skill

A

measure the certainty using constant error, absolute error, variable error

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7
Q

what is the difference between constant error, absolute error and variable error

A

constant error is the directional error

absolute error is the average distance from target. this measures accuracy

variable error is the standard deviation of scores from own total average. measure of precision or consistency

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8
Q

How are continuous tasks certainty measured

A

Root mean square error

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9
Q

What is a model

A

a useful tool to simulate and simplify a real thing. Can be broken down to help understand the different parts

Is not the real thing

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10
Q

What does humans as IPs mean

A

humans interpret information and output a response

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11
Q

what is the three stage model of humans as information processors

A

a serial process
perception(stimulus identification)->decision(response selection)->action(response programming)

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12
Q

What is reaction time

A

reaction time is the time between stimulus and the start of the response.

it encompasses the entirety of the 3 stage model

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13
Q

How can increasing the number of choices impact reaction time

A

it increases it as time is required to assess the appropriate response

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14
Q

how can increasing the number of stimuli impact reaction time

A

it increases it as time is required to identify the stimuli

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15
Q

what characteristics does a good hypothesis have

A

related to research question
specific
directional prediction
testable prediction

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16
Q

what factors influence reaction time

A

number response alternatives
stimulus response compatability
practice

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17
Q

what is Hick’s law

A

relationship between RT and number of SR-pairs

logarithmic relationship

rt=Log2(SR pairs)

double the SR pairs results in the same RT increase

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18
Q

What is SR compatibility

A

how intuitive the response is the the stimulus

ex. pressing the red button when a red light is exposed

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19
Q

what is spacial SR compatibility

A

SR compatibility in the spacial environment.

ex. driving a rear wheel steering vehicle

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20
Q

what is a population stereotype for SR compatibility

A

differences in how people of different population may perceive how natural a response is.

eg. driving on the left

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21
Q

How can practice influence RT

A

reduce both simple and choice RT

effect is more obvious as increases in SR pairs and incompatibility RT

cannot fully eliminate RT

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22
Q

What is anticipation

A

prediction of what’s going to happen next can allow response section and response programming to happen ahead of time

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23
Q

Spacial anticipation vs. temporal anticipation

A

spacial is knowing what or where something is going to happen.
eg. goalie predicting where ball will go

temporal is knowing when the event will happen
eg. diving off the blocks by predicting when staring beep will be based on the on your marks ready calls.

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24
Q

what are the pros and cons of anticipation

A

pros. if successful can reduce the RT

Cons. failure will cost significantly more to fix than if anticipation never happened.
if you anticipate wrong, the action must happen then you must restart IP 3 steps

25
Q

What conditions make anticipation more consistent

A

closed environment. predictable and constant factors make it easier

26
Q

what are the 3 types of memory

A

Short term sensory store, short term, long term

27
Q

what is attention

A

an ability to focus on one stimuli
intentional
limited. increased attention on one thing will reduce attention to others

28
Q

what is parallel processing

A

handling 2 streams of info at once

29
Q

what is the stroop effect

A

competition between the response to the colour word and the ink colour

30
Q

what is the cocktail party effect

A

in a loud room and focused on one conversation, you can still hear and comprehend someone else saying your name

31
Q

what is inattentional blindness

A

focus on one info stream reduces awareness of other info streams

32
Q

what is the difference between a controlled and automatic task

A

controlled is voluntary, slow, sequential and attention demanding.

automatic is non conscious, fast and low attention demanding

33
Q

how is multitasking realistic

A

when both of the tasks are not controlled.

34
Q

how can controlled tasks become automatic

A

practice

production units assist in reducing attention by creating S-R pairs that can be done automatically

35
Q

How do fakes demonstrate a limit in movement programming

A

by deceiving another player into making a response selection and initiating the programming the player doing the fake can switch actions which the other player cannot follow because he cannot start another movement while programming the first

36
Q

What is the psychological refractory period

A

once the response programming is initiated, you cannot program the response to a secondary stimuli.
this results in a slower second response. the response is slower when the initial movement is more complex or when it is starting or ending

if they happen within 50ms of each other, both are treated as one response and programmed at once. no RT difference. this is called grouping

37
Q

what is arousal

A

level of activation of the CNS

38
Q

what is the inverted U principle

A

graph of performance compared to arousal.

there is an ideal amount of arousal for optimal performance in activities. Different for everyone but follows similar trend.

39
Q

how can the stimulus identification section of IP be affected by arousal

A

increasing arousal reduces perceptual field but also increases amount of attention. Hard to see big picture but ultra focused on one thing. Low arousal will allow someone to see everything but not pay a lot of attention to anything in particular.

40
Q

what is choking

A

making the wrong decision due to internally focusing and controlling an automatic task. undoes the work of practice.

41
Q

what is exteroception

A

the 5 senses but primarily hearing and sight

42
Q

what is proprioception

A

sensory info about state of body that comes from muscles joints and movements

43
Q

what is the vestibular apparatus. what do they do

A

sense organs in the inner ear. detects balance, posture and head movement

44
Q

what are the joint receptors. what do they do

A

detect extreme range of motions in joints. located in the

45
Q

what are the muscle spindles and what do they do

A

they are imbedded in the muscle and detect changes in muscle length

46
Q

what are the Golgi tendon organs and what do they do

A

they are imbedded in the the tendons and they detect muscle force

47
Q

what are the cutaneous receptors and what do they do

A

they are a group of sensory organs in the skin that detect pressure and temperature

48
Q

does active and passive movement feel the same

A

no. proprioception takes into account own muscles contracting.

49
Q

what is a closed loop control system

A

process of controlling movement that occurs during the movement. constantly adjusting and evaluating movement to meet goals.

50
Q

what is the efference copy

A

copy of motor plan sent early to brain to compare with actual movement observed.

51
Q

When is motor plan developed

A

response programming

52
Q

what is the limit of closed loop control systems

A

slow. 3 corrections a second

53
Q

what is M1

A

response to muscle spindle stretch to oppose. reflex from spinal cord. 30-50ms. very weak, involuntary

useful for maintaining posture.

54
Q

what is M2

A

long loop reflex. signal from M1 to the spinal cord is sent to the brain which then sends the command back. 50-80ms. is more flexible and could do something different than oppose stretch

55
Q

what is M3

A

human as IP and closed loop system
completely flexible and voluntary
much stronger and sustained

56
Q

what is the triggered reaction

A

non voluntary reflex from m2 but for muscles away from the stimulation. common for bracing

57
Q

what is obtained when combining the m1, m2, m3

A

one movement

58
Q

what are the dorsal and ventral streams in the brain

A

the dorsal stream is responsible for the how. programs for movement with objects. non conscious

the ventral stream is responsible for the what
It IDs objects. conscious