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Kin 209 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the qualitative characteristics

A

-social or human problem
-non-numerical data interpretation and generation
-small sample size
-interviews
-emergent and flexible design
-generates themes
-“depth”

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2
Q

What are quantitative characteristics

A

-objective theories
-numerical data
-large sample sizes
-focus on
1) testing a theory
2) differences between groups
3) relationships among variables

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3
Q

What are mixed method characteristics

A

-can give a more comprehensive understanding
-expertise in both quantitative and qualitative data
-can do one before the other OR both at the same time

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4
Q

What is the philosophical world view

A

“Beliefs and general orientation of the world that guide actions while conducting research” AKA philosophical assumptions, research philosophy, research paradigms, knowledge claims, epistemological/ontological assumptions

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5
Q

What are the 5 philosophical world views

A

-post positivism
-constructivism
-transformative
-pragmatism
-two eyed seeing

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6
Q

What is Ontology

A

-general orientation of the world; belief in the nature of truth and reality.
-what can be known?

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7
Q

What is Epistomology

A

-Nature of the research; belief about how we acquire knowledge about truth and reality
-what is the relationship between the researcher and the participant

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8
Q

What is post-positivism

A

A single reality/objective truth waiting to be discovered used in quantitative data

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9
Q

What are the 4 key feature of post positivism

A

-determinism (cause and effect)
-reductionism (theories can be reduced to a small and discrete testable set)
-Empirical observation and measurement
-theory testing (theories are tested verified or refined)

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10
Q

What is Constructivism

A

Multiple realities exist and that meaning is varied and complex; usually used in qualitative data

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11
Q

What are the 4 key features of constructivism

A

-Understanding
-Multiple Participant Meanings (experiences are subjective and socially constructed)
-Social and Historical Construction (Meanings are formed thru ^ and norms)
-Theory generation

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12
Q

What is transformative

A

-closely connected to politics; have an agenda to advocate for marginalized people
-all 3 methods of research

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13
Q

What are the 4 key features of transformative

A

Political (to confront oppression)
Power and justice oriented (contains an action agenda- a way to change things in the end)
Collaborative (researchers and participants work together to not further marginalize)
Change Oriented (change the lives of researchers, participants, and institutions)
participants as experts

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14
Q

What is pragmatism

A

concerned with solutions to problems -no commitment to any notion of reality

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15
Q

What are the 4 key features of pragmatism

A

-consequences of actions (knowledge arises out of actions, situations, and consequences)
-Problem-centered (research problem is the most important, rather than methods and issues of knowledge)
-Pluralistic (many approaches to knowledge)
-real-world practice-oriented

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16
Q

What is two-eyed seeing

A

Many understandings are represented by indigenous and European perspectives (equity and working together)

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17
Q

What are the 3 key features of two-eyed seeing

A

-Bringing together of knowledge (strength in both)
-Equitable knowledge systems
-Respect,reflection, and co-learning

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18
Q

What is a Research topic

A

clearly defined area of focus related to an important complex problem. Foundation of your study

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19
Q

What is a research problem(5)

A

-represents the foundational need for the study (impact, relevance)
-describes the context of the study (age, gender, group)
-describes the issues that exist in literature and theory
—> should be challenging , worthwhile, important, and feasible
-prompts research and the research question

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20
Q

What are the 3 types of research problems

A

-Descriptive: characterizes a particular phenomenon
-Predictive: ID relationships between/among characteristics/attributes (IE variables)
-Explanation: make changes abs cause and effect, why event occurs

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21
Q

What is theory, what parameters must it meet

A

explanation or observed patterns or superstition about a relationship among phenomena
-verifiable and testable statement
-can be used as a framework to guide research problems and questions
-the foundation for connecting other frameworks
-seeks logical explanation of empirical patterns
-allows for description and explanation of processes
-turns explanation into solution
-shape and direct research efforts

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22
Q

What is theory derived from (3)

A

observation
experimentation
reflective thinking

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23
Q

What is theory in quantitative research

A

-used to guide entire research process
-can be tested
-theory used to develop hypothesis
-suppports expected findings

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24
Q

What is theory in qualitative research

A

-to inform problem or purpose
-generated as an outcome of data gathering
-provide broad explanations for behaviours and attitudes
-provide theoretical lens or perspective (for marginalized groups)
-be the end pt. data…themes… model/theory
-not explicitly used some… some build from descriptions of phenomena

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25
Q

What does literature review typically consist of?

A

-provides a summary of major studies on the research problem
-demos the writers knowledge of the topic, problem, issue
-integrates what others have done and said abt the research issue
-critiques previous scholarly works on the issue
-allows connections between related topics

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26
Q

What is literature review?

A

a scholarly research step that entails identifying and studying all existing studies on a topic to create a basis for new research

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27
Q

What are the steps of a literature review (7)

A
  1. identify key words
  2. search library catalogues
  3. identify about 50 research reports in articles or books
  4. Save those central to your topic
  5. organize the literature (organize a lit map, develop a summary table)
  6. draft summaries of the relevant articles
  7. write a literature review, organizing it by important concepts
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28
Q

What should literature review summary table include (6)

A

-complete references
-key points
-purpose
-methods
-results
-critique

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29
Q

What are defining terms

A

-define on first appearance
-use operational language

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30
Q

What is the introductions purpose (4)

A

-set the stage
-establish the issue that led to the research
-generate interest
-provide context

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31
Q

What are the qualitative introduction characteristics

A

-problem calls for exploration
-may be shaped by a theoretical lens
-can be personal, first-person, or subjective POV

32
Q

What are the quantitative introduction characteristics

A

-problem calls for variables
-may advance a theory to be tested
-impersonal, objective POV

33
Q

what are the Multi-method introduction characteristics

A

if one approach is emphasized, the introduction can follow the characteristic of that approach

34
Q

What are the deficiency introduction models

A

-review studies that have addressed the problem and indicate where they lacked. Then identify where you will make your contribution.

35
Q

What is the purpose statement

A

most important statement of the entire study
-clear and concise
-state intent
-Identify variables or phenomena
-indicates where you intend to accomplish

36
Q

What should a quantitative purpose statement address?

A

-the variable of interest and the relationship among variables
-the participants
-the research site
- identify theoretical frameworks guiding the study
- mention strategy of inquiry

37
Q

What is a moderator variable

A

A third variable that changes the original relationship between the independent and dependent variables
-cannot be manipulated but can affect in different ways (strength and direction)

38
Q

What is a mediator variable

A

A variable that provides a casual link in the sequence between an independent and dependent variable. Explains their relationship.

39
Q

What is an extraneous variable

A

In an experiment, a variable other than the IV that might cause unwanted changes to the DV. Could explain incontinuities in the data (ie anxiety, hip injuries)

40
Q

What should a Qualitative purpose statement address

A
  • the central phenomena
    -the participants
    -the research site
    -recognize the philosophical worldview and research approach
    -mention strategy of inquiry
    -focus on a single phenomena (but know that it might evolve)
    -use active verbs, neutral words, and non-directional language
41
Q

What should a Multi-method Purpose statement address

A

both criteria of the qualitative and quantitative

42
Q

What is the wheel of science

A

theories->hypotheses-> observations->Empirical generalizations

43
Q

What is deductive reasoning

A

start with concrete info and use this info to explain scientific events or circumstances (theory–>observations)

44
Q

what is inductive reasoning

A

observations to make predictions about general principles (observation–>theory)

45
Q

What is the theory of planned behaviour

A

(attitudes, objective norm, perceived behaviour control) —>intention —->behaviour

46
Q

What is a research question

A

a broad inquiry statement about the central phenomena
-used by qualitative research

47
Q

what are the 3 components of research design

A

philosophical worldview–> research approach —> research methods

48
Q

What is a hypothesis

A

a prediction derived from a theory, literature, or speculation about an outcome of a study
-used by quantitative and multi-method
-describes what is going to happen
-integration of: explatory research; and common sense logic and reasoning

49
Q

What are the properties of research questions

A

-dont include directional words
-address the purpose of research to be done
-identify the participants
-identify the research site

50
Q

What are central questions

A

Used in qualitative research
-1-2 broad questions that explore the general factors of the central phenomena
-must relate back to the strategy of inquiry

51
Q

What are sub-questions

A

Used in qualitative research
–questions that narrow the focus of study (5-7)
-must relate back to the strategy of inquiry

52
Q

what are the 5 types of qualitative research questions

A

-Narrative: report or reflect stories
-Phenomenology: questions broadly stated without specific reference to existing literature
-Grounded theory: questions generate a theory
-Ethnography: questions verify accuracy of data
-Case study: explore a process

53
Q

What are the properties of quantitative research

A

-interrogative
-raises questions about variable relationships
-social science and survey studies
-leads to remaining elements of research
design: sampling; variable selection and operationalization; statistical approach/methods

54
Q

What are the two types of quantitative research questions

A

-describing outcomes
-examining relationships among variables

55
Q

What are the properties of Multi-method research

A

-convey methods and procedure
-convey the content of study
-combine the methods and content

56
Q

What are 3 types of multi-method research questions

A

Concurrent: write separate qualitative and quantitative questions/hypotheses (emphasis on both)
Sequential: Qualitative then quantitative
-Convergent

57
Q

What are the characteristics of a hypothesis

A

-testable
-logical
-directly related to the research question
-represents a single unit or subset of the problem
-states the relationship between variables
-stated in a form that can be accepted or rejected

58
Q

What is an alternative hypothesis

A

A statement that is made about the characteristics or the treatment group, or statements about the strength and direction about a relationship between variables
-denoted as H1, H2, H3 etc

59
Q

What is a null hypothesis H0

A

A statement that there is no relationship between the dependent and independent variables

60
Q

What are the 2 types of research hypotheses

A

One-Tailed: specifies a directional increase (x will increase y)
Two-Tailed: does not specify a directional relationship (x will affect y)

61
Q

What is the most important responsibility of researchers

A

behaving ethical in research

62
Q

Why are ethical policies developed

A

because there was unethical treatment of people in past research

63
Q

Who is the Texas Vampire and what did they do

A

-1998
-Baylor college (texas)
-studied on a family member with a higher risk of genetic heart defect
-bled participants to collect DNA
-vanished without sharing results

64
Q

What is the tri-council policy statement 2 (and their core principles)

A

Research involving humans

-respect for persons
-concern for welfare
-justice

65
Q

What is considered in the principle ‘respect for persons’

A

“intrinsic values of the human beings and the respect and considerations they are due”
-people and biological materials
-considering participant autonomy

66
Q

What are the criteria for consent

A

-voluntary
-informed
-ongoing

67
Q

What is considered in the principle ‘concerns for welfare’

A

-quality of a persons experience of life in all it’s aspects
-should not be exposed to unnecessary risks
-REB decides if benefits outweigh the risks

68
Q

What is nutritional research

A

-ab children were denied basic healthcare and dietary requirements
- <1/2 daily nutritional requirements and used to test vitamin supplements

69
Q

What is considered in the principle for justice

A

obligation to treat people fair and equitably
-fairness: treating all people with respect and concern for welfare… not necessarily treating them the same
-Equity: no individual or group should be neglected or discriminated against in the opportunity to benefit from the knowledge generated by research

70
Q

What is considered when ethically testing indigenous people

A

TCPS2 chapter 9
-differences in history, to help contextualize
-OCAP principles

71
Q

What are the OCAP principles

A

Ownership: any info collected from first nations people is owned by the community (relationship between community and cultural info/data)

Control: right to control all aspects of research (generation, questions, data) that may impact them

Access: to any info about themselves regardless of where it is held

Possession: the right to physically possess all and any research data that is collected

72
Q

What is scientific misconduct

A

“fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in proposing, performing, reviewing, or reporting research results”

-plagiarism
-falsification/fabrication
-faulty data gathering procedures
-poor data storage and retention
-misleading authorship

73
Q

When is ethics approval not needed in animal research

A

-if it is just an observation with no changes to their environment
-if you found it dead in the wild
-if it is below the cephalopod family

74
Q

What is the Canadian Council on Animal Care

A

-national and international policies on ethical animal research

75
Q

What are the three R’s of CCAC

A

Replace: avoid or replace the use of animals when possible
Reduce: employ strategies that will result in fewer animals being used(consistent with sound experimental design)
Refine: modify husbandry or experimental procedure to minimize pain and stress
(an added point of responsibility)

Kin 209 (1 decks)

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