Midterm 1 Flashcards
What are the qualitative characteristics
-social or human problem
-non-numerical data interpretation and generation
-small sample size
-interviews
-emergent and flexible design
-generates themes
-“depth”
What are quantitative characteristics
-objective theories
-numerical data
-large sample sizes
-focus on
1) testing a theory
2) differences between groups
3) relationships among variables
What are mixed method characteristics
-can give a more comprehensive understanding
-expertise in both quantitative and qualitative data
-can do one before the other OR both at the same time
What is the philosophical world view
“Beliefs and general orientation of the world that guide actions while conducting research” AKA philosophical assumptions, research philosophy, research paradigms, knowledge claims, epistemological/ontological assumptions
What are the 5 philosophical world views
-post positivism
-constructivism
-transformative
-pragmatism
-two eyed seeing
What is Ontology
-general orientation of the world; belief in the nature of truth and reality.
-what can be known?
What is Epistomology
-Nature of the research; belief about how we acquire knowledge about truth and reality
-what is the relationship between the researcher and the participant
What is post-positivism
A single reality/objective truth waiting to be discovered used in quantitative data
What are the 4 key feature of post positivism
-determinism (cause and effect)
-reductionism (theories can be reduced to a small and discrete testable set)
-Empirical observation and measurement
-theory testing (theories are tested verified or refined)
What is Constructivism
Multiple realities exist and that meaning is varied and complex; usually used in qualitative data
What are the 4 key features of constructivism
-Understanding
-Multiple Participant Meanings (experiences are subjective and socially constructed)
-Social and Historical Construction (Meanings are formed thru ^ and norms)
-Theory generation
What is transformative
-closely connected to politics; have an agenda to advocate for marginalized people
-all 3 methods of research
What are the 4 key features of transformative
Political (to confront oppression)
Power and justice oriented (contains an action agenda- a way to change things in the end)
Collaborative (researchers and participants work together to not further marginalize)
Change Oriented (change the lives of researchers, participants, and institutions)
participants as experts
What is pragmatism
concerned with solutions to problems -no commitment to any notion of reality
What are the 4 key features of pragmatism
-consequences of actions (knowledge arises out of actions, situations, and consequences)
-Problem-centered (research problem is the most important, rather than methods and issues of knowledge)
-Pluralistic (many approaches to knowledge)
-real-world practice-oriented
What is two-eyed seeing
Many understandings are represented by indigenous and European perspectives (equity and working together)
What are the 3 key features of two-eyed seeing
-Bringing together of knowledge (strength in both)
-Equitable knowledge systems
-Respect,reflection, and co-learning
What is a Research topic
clearly defined area of focus related to an important complex problem. Foundation of your study
What is a research problem(5)
-represents the foundational need for the study (impact, relevance)
-describes the context of the study (age, gender, group)
-describes the issues that exist in literature and theory
—> should be challenging , worthwhile, important, and feasible
-prompts research and the research question
What are the 3 types of research problems
-Descriptive: characterizes a particular phenomenon
-Predictive: ID relationships between/among characteristics/attributes (IE variables)
-Explanation: make changes abs cause and effect, why event occurs
What is theory, what parameters must it meet
explanation or observed patterns or superstition about a relationship among phenomena
-verifiable and testable statement
-can be used as a framework to guide research problems and questions
-the foundation for connecting other frameworks
-seeks logical explanation of empirical patterns
-allows for description and explanation of processes
-turns explanation into solution
-shape and direct research efforts
What is theory derived from (3)
observation
experimentation
reflective thinking
What is theory in quantitative research
-used to guide entire research process
-can be tested
-theory used to develop hypothesis
-suppports expected findings
What is theory in qualitative research
-to inform problem or purpose
-generated as an outcome of data gathering
-provide broad explanations for behaviours and attitudes
-provide theoretical lens or perspective (for marginalized groups)
-be the end pt. data…themes… model/theory
-not explicitly used some… some build from descriptions of phenomena
What does literature review typically consist of?
-provides a summary of major studies on the research problem
-demos the writers knowledge of the topic, problem, issue
-integrates what others have done and said abt the research issue
-critiques previous scholarly works on the issue
-allows connections between related topics
What is literature review?
a scholarly research step that entails identifying and studying all existing studies on a topic to create a basis for new research
What are the steps of a literature review (7)
- identify key words
- search library catalogues
- identify about 50 research reports in articles or books
- Save those central to your topic
- organize the literature (organize a lit map, develop a summary table)
- draft summaries of the relevant articles
- write a literature review, organizing it by important concepts
What should literature review summary table include (6)
-complete references
-key points
-purpose
-methods
-results
-critique
What are defining terms
-define on first appearance
-use operational language
What is the introductions purpose (4)
-set the stage
-establish the issue that led to the research
-generate interest
-provide context
What are the qualitative introduction characteristics
-problem calls for exploration
-may be shaped by a theoretical lens
-can be personal, first-person, or subjective POV
What are the quantitative introduction characteristics
-problem calls for variables
-may advance a theory to be tested
-impersonal, objective POV
what are the Multi-method introduction characteristics
if one approach is emphasized, the introduction can follow the characteristic of that approach
What are the deficiency introduction models
-review studies that have addressed the problem and indicate where they lacked. Then identify where you will make your contribution.
What is the purpose statement
most important statement of the entire study
-clear and concise
-state intent
-Identify variables or phenomena
-indicates where you intend to accomplish
What should a quantitative purpose statement address?
-the variable of interest and the relationship among variables
-the participants
-the research site
- identify theoretical frameworks guiding the study
- mention strategy of inquiry
What is a moderator variable
A third variable that changes the original relationship between the independent and dependent variables
-cannot be manipulated but can affect in different ways (strength and direction)
What is a mediator variable
A variable that provides a casual link in the sequence between an independent and dependent variable. Explains their relationship.
What is an extraneous variable
In an experiment, a variable other than the IV that might cause unwanted changes to the DV. Could explain incontinuities in the data (ie anxiety, hip injuries)
What should a Qualitative purpose statement address
- the central phenomena
-the participants
-the research site
-recognize the philosophical worldview and research approach
-mention strategy of inquiry
-focus on a single phenomena (but know that it might evolve)
-use active verbs, neutral words, and non-directional language
What should a Multi-method Purpose statement address
both criteria of the qualitative and quantitative
What is the wheel of science
theories->hypotheses-> observations->Empirical generalizations
What is deductive reasoning
start with concrete info and use this info to explain scientific events or circumstances (theory–>observations)
what is inductive reasoning
observations to make predictions about general principles (observation–>theory)
What is the theory of planned behaviour
(attitudes, objective norm, perceived behaviour control) —>intention —->behaviour
What is a research question
a broad inquiry statement about the central phenomena
-used by qualitative research
what are the 3 components of research design
philosophical worldview–> research approach —> research methods
What is a hypothesis
a prediction derived from a theory, literature, or speculation about an outcome of a study
-used by quantitative and multi-method
-describes what is going to happen
-integration of: explatory research; and common sense logic and reasoning
What are the properties of research questions
-dont include directional words
-address the purpose of research to be done
-identify the participants
-identify the research site
What are central questions
Used in qualitative research
-1-2 broad questions that explore the general factors of the central phenomena
-must relate back to the strategy of inquiry
What are sub-questions
Used in qualitative research
–questions that narrow the focus of study (5-7)
-must relate back to the strategy of inquiry
what are the 5 types of qualitative research questions
-Narrative: report or reflect stories
-Phenomenology: questions broadly stated without specific reference to existing literature
-Grounded theory: questions generate a theory
-Ethnography: questions verify accuracy of data
-Case study: explore a process
What are the properties of quantitative research
-interrogative
-raises questions about variable relationships
-social science and survey studies
-leads to remaining elements of research
design: sampling; variable selection and operationalization; statistical approach/methods
What are the two types of quantitative research questions
-describing outcomes
-examining relationships among variables
What are the properties of Multi-method research
-convey methods and procedure
-convey the content of study
-combine the methods and content
What are 3 types of multi-method research questions
Concurrent: write separate qualitative and quantitative questions/hypotheses (emphasis on both)
Sequential: Qualitative then quantitative
-Convergent
What are the characteristics of a hypothesis
-testable
-logical
-directly related to the research question
-represents a single unit or subset of the problem
-states the relationship between variables
-stated in a form that can be accepted or rejected
What is an alternative hypothesis
A statement that is made about the characteristics or the treatment group, or statements about the strength and direction about a relationship between variables
-denoted as H1, H2, H3 etc
What is a null hypothesis H0
A statement that there is no relationship between the dependent and independent variables
What are the 2 types of research hypotheses
One-Tailed: specifies a directional increase (x will increase y)
Two-Tailed: does not specify a directional relationship (x will affect y)
What is the most important responsibility of researchers
behaving ethical in research
Why are ethical policies developed
because there was unethical treatment of people in past research
Who is the Texas Vampire and what did they do
-1998
-Baylor college (texas)
-studied on a family member with a higher risk of genetic heart defect
-bled participants to collect DNA
-vanished without sharing results
What is the tri-council policy statement 2 (and their core principles)
Research involving humans
-respect for persons
-concern for welfare
-justice
What is considered in the principle ‘respect for persons’
“intrinsic values of the human beings and the respect and considerations they are due”
-people and biological materials
-considering participant autonomy
What are the criteria for consent
-voluntary
-informed
-ongoing
What is considered in the principle ‘concerns for welfare’
-quality of a persons experience of life in all it’s aspects
-should not be exposed to unnecessary risks
-REB decides if benefits outweigh the risks
What is nutritional research
-ab children were denied basic healthcare and dietary requirements
- <1/2 daily nutritional requirements and used to test vitamin supplements
What is considered in the principle for justice
obligation to treat people fair and equitably
-fairness: treating all people with respect and concern for welfare… not necessarily treating them the same
-Equity: no individual or group should be neglected or discriminated against in the opportunity to benefit from the knowledge generated by research
What is considered when ethically testing indigenous people
TCPS2 chapter 9
-differences in history, to help contextualize
-OCAP principles
What are the OCAP principles
Ownership: any info collected from first nations people is owned by the community (relationship between community and cultural info/data)
Control: right to control all aspects of research (generation, questions, data) that may impact them
Access: to any info about themselves regardless of where it is held
Possession: the right to physically possess all and any research data that is collected
What is scientific misconduct
“fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in proposing, performing, reviewing, or reporting research results”
-plagiarism
-falsification/fabrication
-faulty data gathering procedures
-poor data storage and retention
-misleading authorship
When is ethics approval not needed in animal research
-if it is just an observation with no changes to their environment
-if you found it dead in the wild
-if it is below the cephalopod family
What is the Canadian Council on Animal Care
-national and international policies on ethical animal research
What are the three R’s of CCAC
Replace: avoid or replace the use of animals when possible
Reduce: employ strategies that will result in fewer animals being used(consistent with sound experimental design)
Refine: modify husbandry or experimental procedure to minimize pain and stress
(an added point of responsibility)
