midterm 1 Flashcards
pathways that conduct info to the primary visual cortex
streams
responsible for visual info/executing movements
dorsal stream
where does the dorsal stream travel
it flows from the primary visual cortex to the dorsal and posterior cortex
responsible for the perception (shape, color, faces) of objects
Ventral stream
The electrical impulse that travels to one axon to another (axon to axon communication)
Action potential
the temporary decrease of a neurons membrane potential
Hyperpolarization
the temporary increase of a neurons membrane potential
Depolarization
proteins that use ATP to transport sodium and potassium ions across the membrane
sodium-potassium pump
What is the formula for the sodium potassium pump?
3 sodium in, 2 potassium out
the steady state of a cell
Resting Membrane Potential
the direction pointing down towards the feet
Caudal
the direction pointing towards the forehead
Rostral
the front
Ventral
the back
dorsal
What is “Coronal” also reffered as?
the frontal plane
What is the coronal?
the frontal plane that divides the brain into front and back
Anterior
front
Prosterior
back
What is “Sagittal” reffered as
the vertical plane
the vertical plane that divides the brain into left and right sides
sagittal
divides the brain into a superior and inferior portion
Horizontal
Neuroscience
“The scientific study of the brain and nervous system, in health and in disease.”
It’s an interdisciplinary field including psychology, biology, chemistry, mathematics, etc”
Rationalism
Pursuit of the truth through reason.
Empiricism
pursuit of the truth through observation and measurement with emphasis on
experimentation.
Distal
Far from. Genes are distal to behavior.
Proximal
Close to. Anatomy is proximal to behavior
Galvani
An early scientist/empiricist who discovered behavior is a result of electrical impulse,
not pneumatics within the body. He first found this out by electrically stimulating the
muscle fibers of frogs and noticing movement.
Muller
Observed that electrical signals are differentiated by their pathways which allows
electrical signals to be used for motor function, sensation, etc.
Flourens
The first to use ablation, the surgical cutting or destruction of brain tissue, using
animal brains to determine what parts of the brain do what in a basic manner by
removing brain sections. Early ablation was not very precise but modern ablation uses
heat and chemicals for greater precision.
Broca
The first person to be credited with making the relationship between human brain
structure and human function. He discovered the function of a section of the brain
responsible in part for language pronunciation that is now known as Broca’s Area
Fritz and Hitzig
Used electrical impulses to examine brain function and what parts of the brain
do what without damaging or removing parts of the brain like Flourens did.
Neurotransmitters are released from one neuron to another at the…
synapse
What are neurotransmitters triggered by?
action potential
involved in emotion, memory, motivation, and behavior regulation
Limbic System
the conversion of light energy into electrical action potential to be interpreted by the brain
Visual pathway
responsible for our voluntary movements
Basal ganglia
What is the CN VII nerve?
It is the facial nerve (seventh cranial nerve)
What is the job of the facial nerve?
it is in charge of your facial expressions and sense of taste
What is the CN V nerve?
It is the trigeminal nerve (the fifth nerve) that regulates sensations in your face, taste, cheeks, and jaw movements
What is the CN X nerve
It is the Vagus nerve (the tenth nerve) that is responsible for your heart rate and digestion
What do cranial nerves do?
they play a role in sensations and your motor skill
What does PET scan stand for?
Post Emission Tomography
What is the role of a PET scan?
they capture the structure of the brain/ body using glucose
What does a CT scan stand for?
Computerized Tomography
What is a CT scan?
An imagery technique that is used to reveal the brain’s anatomy
What does fMRI scan stand for?
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
What is an fMRI scan?
A neuroimaging technique that captures the brains activity
What does MRi stand for?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
What does an MRI scan do?
It captures static images of the brain/its structure
Prozac affects…
serotonin
Cocaine affects…
Dopamine
Where does REM sleep take place?
the pons
When neurotransmitters are released at the synapse…
it binds to receptors on the postsynaptic cell
What do neurotransmitters generate after this?
they generate an electrical signal
Which one of these is a NT?
Acetylcholine
What is the role of Acetylchlorine?
it is responsible for movement, autonomic function, arousal, learning, and memory.
Where can you find Acetylcholine?
outside the cell, and located at the neuromuscular junction, preganglionic autonomic synapses, parasympathetic synapses, hippocampus, amygdala, and the septum
What does Reserpine affect?
it affects norepinephrine
Agonist is…
a drug/chemical that binds to a specific receptor and activates it
it binds to receptors of the brain and block the effects of an agonist
An antagonist
How do agonist and antagonist correlate to each other?
Agonist is like the kid who tries to throw the basketball in the hoop, and the Antagonist is the one who blocks their shot.
Where does saltatory Conduction take place?
in the myelinated axons
What is the function of Saltatory Conduction?
it is the way that an electrical impulse skips from one node to another down the full length of an axon.
What is another word for Saltatory Conduction?
Node-to-node conduction.
Where does axon to axon communication take place?
it takes place in the synapses which generates action potential.
What does ESPS stand for?
Excitatory PostSynaptic Potential
What is the role of ESPS?
it makes the postsynaptic nuerons more likely to fire an action potential
What example does ESPS play in axon to axon communication (AP)?
Its like your teammate making you more likely to make the shot in a basketball game
What does ISPS stand for?
inhibitory PostSynaptic Potential
What is the role of ISPS?
it makes the postsynaptic nuerons less likely to fire an action potential
Name an example of ISPS in axon to axon communication
A bully who makes it less likely to make the shot in a basketball game
What another neurotransmitter?
Monoamines
What is the role of Monoamies?
responsible for decision making, emotional response, happiness, depression, and reward response.
What do Monoamines consist of
Catecholamines and Indoleamines
When you’re feeling depressed on the freeway, or feel like you deserve something special for getting an A, this is caused by your…
Monoamines
What is organization in psychology?
various structured components that interact to preform one or more functions
Dopamine pathway systems are…
involved in physiological and behavioral processes
What do the functions of Dopamine Pathway Systems also include…
thinking, cognition, pleasure from rewards, and neuroendocrine control
What did Fritz and Hitzig discover in psychology?
hey discovered electrical stimulation
What did Joanne Muller contribute to psychology?
they created the Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energy
What role did Paul Broca play in psychology?
they discovered the center of the brain, Broca’s Area, and speech function
What is the role of Broca’s Area?
it regulates the speech function and producing language
Where is Broca’s Area located?
In the frontal lobe in the far-left part of the brain. (the center brain
What did Florens contribute to psychology?
they promoted the removal of tissue and the ablation technique
Name the right order of Visual Pathway Steps
- eyes capture light signals 2. eyes convert light into electrical signals 3. electrical signals travel along the optic nerve 4. it activates the thalamus 5. this activates the occipital lobe 6. it activates the parietal and temporal lobe
What’s an example of axon to axon communication?
Giving energy to your friend through conversation
The facial expression you make after seeing a funny scene on a movie is regulated by your…
CN VII
The jaw movements you make while eating are because of your…
CN V
The weird sensation in your cheeks are caused by your…
CN V
The sensation in your face is caused by your…
CN V
The digestion of your sexy Big Mac is caused by your…
CN X
The increase in your heart rate when you see Michael B. Jordan is because of your…
CN X
Your pants is pointing all the way down to your feet. This is an example of the ________ direction.
Caudal
You point at Megamind’s huge forehead. This is an example of the _________ direction.
Rostral
You point towards Megan The Stallions fat, juicy ass. This is an example of the __________ side of her body.
Dorsal
You point towards The Weeknd’s hairy ass bear chest. This is an example of the __________ of his body
Ventral
Slicing the brain into the front and back is the function of the…
coronal (frontal plane)
Slicing the brain into two equal left and right halves is the job of the…
sagittal (verticle plane)
Slicing the brain into its superior and inferior parts is the job of the…
horizontal plane
What brain scan uses Neuroimaging techniques to study the brain?
an fMri scan
What brain scan uses an imagery technique to study the brain?
a CT scan
What brain scan uses static images to study the brain?
an MRI scan
____ sodium in. ___ potassium out
3, 2
Your remember your ex’s smell all of a sudden and get sad. These two functions are caused by the
Limbic system
