Midterm 1 Flashcards
What is the difference between the axial and appendicular skeleton?
Axial Skeleton
- Skull: neurocranium (brain case) and the viscerocranium (bones of the face)
- Vertebra
- Ribs and sternum
Appendicular Skeleton
- Pectoral girdle (scapula, clavicle, and coracoid) and forearms
- Pelvic girdle and hind limbs
What are the different classifications of bones? Provide and example of each.
Long bones - outer surface is compact, inner is cancellous (spongy)
- ex: femur, humerus, tibia, metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges
Short bones- width and length similar
- ex: carpals, tarsals
Irregular bones - thin layer of compact but mostly cancellous
- ex: vertebrae, sacrum, mandible
Flat bones (plates) - protective function; outer compact, inner cancellous
- ex: cranium, sternum, pelvis, scapula
Sesamoid bones - found within tendon
- ex: patella
Explain the functions of the epiphysis.
- Found at the ends of long bones
- Composed of mainly spongy bone
- Point of longitudinal growth
- cont
Explain the functions of the diaphysis.
Explain the functions of the articular cartilage.
Explain the functions of the osteogenic cell.
Explain the functions of the osteoblast
Explain the functions of the osteocyte
Explain the functions of the osteoclasts
What are the three components of the circulatory system?
What are the components of blood?
What is hematocrit?
What is blood serum and what is it used for?
What is plasma?
List the three plasma proteins and their functions.
What is the most abundant plasma protein?
List the three blood cell types
Name three unique structural features that erythrocytes don’t have
What is erythropoiesis and where are new RBCs produced?
What does erythropoietin do?
What is hemoglobin?
What is the function of white blood cells?
What is diapedesis?
List the different white blood cells and their functions.
Which leukocyte generally arrives first at the site of injury and make up 50-70% of circulating leukocytes?
What are the two main classes of lymphocytes in the circulating blood? What are their functions?
Explain how the heart’s valves work to ensure a unidirectional flow of blood.
List the layers that make up the vertebrate heart walls
What is the Sinoatrial (SA) node?
What is the Atrioventricular (AV) node?
What is Bundle of His?
List step by step how the action potential for the contraction of a cardiac muscle works.
What is the cardiac output and the formula?
What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic control?
What are the five main types of blood vessels?
Define blood cellular components
Define erythrocytes
Define leukocytes
Define thrombocytes
Define globulin
Blood serum vs Blood plasma
Name the different blood cells
Define diapedesis
Define plasma proteins
What is a myocyte?
What are the three main types of muscle cells? Where are they found?
What are the four characteristics of muscle tissue?
What are myofibrils?
What is a sarcomere?
What structures make up the sarcomeres?
Which myofilament is thin, and which one is thick?
What is Sarcoplasmic Reticulum?
Define actin
Define myosin
Define troponin
Define tropomyosin
How are skeletal muscles stimulated to contract?
In skeletal muscle contraction, what does calcium bind with to allow the binding of actin and myosin?
What is a Cross-Bridge? List the cycle in order
List the steps in excitation-contraction coupling
Define rigor mortis
What is the neuromuscular junction composed of?
What does the binding of Ach do?
How does acetylcholine work with calcium?
Define depolarization
Define end plate potential
What is the Acetylcholinesterase enzyme and its function?
List the two types of muscle contractions and their function.
What is the source if energy used for muscle contractions?
