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AVS > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between the axial and appendicular skeleton?

A

Axial Skeleton
- Skull: neurocranium (brain case) and the viscerocranium (bones of the face)
- Vertebra
- Ribs and sternum

Appendicular Skeleton
- Pectoral girdle (scapula, clavicle, and coracoid) and forearms
- Pelvic girdle and hind limbs

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2
Q

What are the different classifications of bones? Provide and example of each.

A

Long bones - outer surface is compact, inner is cancellous (spongy)
- ex: femur, humerus, tibia, metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges
Short bones- width and length similar
- ex: carpals, tarsals
Irregular bones - thin layer of compact but mostly cancellous
- ex: vertebrae, sacrum, mandible
Flat bones (plates) - protective function; outer compact, inner cancellous
- ex: cranium, sternum, pelvis, scapula
Sesamoid bones - found within tendon
- ex: patella

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3
Q

Explain the functions of the epiphysis.

A
  • Found at the ends of long bones
  • Composed of mainly spongy bone
  • Point of longitudinal growth
  • cont
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4
Q

Explain the functions of the diaphysis.

A
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5
Q

Explain the functions of the articular cartilage.

A
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6
Q

Explain the functions of the osteogenic cell.

A
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7
Q

Explain the functions of the osteoblast

A
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8
Q

Explain the functions of the osteocyte

A
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9
Q

Explain the functions of the osteoclasts

A
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10
Q

What are the three components of the circulatory system?

A
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11
Q

What are the components of blood?

A
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12
Q

What is hematocrit?

A
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13
Q

What is blood serum and what is it used for?

A
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14
Q

What is plasma?

A
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15
Q

List the three plasma proteins and their functions.

A
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16
Q

What is the most abundant plasma protein?

A
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17
Q

List the three blood cell types

A
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18
Q

Name three unique structural features that erythrocytes don’t have

A
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19
Q

What is erythropoiesis and where are new RBCs produced?

A
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20
Q

What does erythropoietin do?

A
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21
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A
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22
Q

What is the function of white blood cells?

A
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23
Q

What is diapedesis?

A
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24
Q

List the different white blood cells and their functions.

A
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25
Q

Which leukocyte generally arrives first at the site of injury and make up 50-70% of circulating leukocytes?

A
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26
Q

What are the two main classes of lymphocytes in the circulating blood? What are their functions?

A
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27
Q

Explain how the heart’s valves work to ensure a unidirectional flow of blood.

A
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28
Q

List the layers that make up the vertebrate heart walls

A
29
Q

What is the Sinoatrial (SA) node?

A
30
Q

What is the Atrioventricular (AV) node?

A
31
Q

What is Bundle of His?

A
32
Q

List step by step how the action potential for the contraction of a cardiac muscle works.

A
33
Q

What is the cardiac output and the formula?

A
34
Q

What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic control?

A
35
Q

What are the five main types of blood vessels?

A
36
Q

Define blood cellular components

A
37
Q

Define erythrocytes

A
38
Q

Define leukocytes

A
39
Q

Define thrombocytes

A
40
Q

Define globulin

A
41
Q

Blood serum vs Blood plasma

A
42
Q

Name the different blood cells

A
43
Q

Define diapedesis

A
44
Q

Define plasma proteins

A
45
Q

What is a myocyte?

A
46
Q

What are the three main types of muscle cells? Where are they found?

A
47
Q

What are the four characteristics of muscle tissue?

A
48
Q

What are myofibrils?

A
49
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A
50
Q

What structures make up the sarcomeres?

A
51
Q

Which myofilament is thin, and which one is thick?

A
52
Q

What is Sarcoplasmic Reticulum?

A
53
Q

Define actin

A
54
Q

Define myosin

A
55
Q

Define troponin

A
56
Q

Define tropomyosin

A
57
Q

How are skeletal muscles stimulated to contract?

A
58
Q

In skeletal muscle contraction, what does calcium bind with to allow the binding of actin and myosin?

A
59
Q

What is a Cross-Bridge? List the cycle in order

A
60
Q

List the steps in excitation-contraction coupling

A
61
Q

Define rigor mortis

A
62
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction composed of?

A
63
Q

What does the binding of Ach do?

A
64
Q

How does acetylcholine work with calcium?

A
65
Q

Define depolarization

A
66
Q

Define end plate potential

A
67
Q

What is the Acetylcholinesterase enzyme and its function?

A
68
Q

List the two types of muscle contractions and their function.

A
69
Q

What is the source if energy used for muscle contractions?

A

AVS (1 decks)

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