Midterm 1

Question 1

Sociological Imagination

Answer 1

a tool that helps us to
– [1] “make the familiar strange,” or question
habits or customs that seem “natural” to us.
– [2] connect our personal experiences to society at large and greater historical forces.

Question 2

Making the Familiar Strange

Answer 2

not taking anything for granted, being prepared to question everything, and certainly putting the things we think we know out for interrogation

Question 3

Sociological Imagination - Individualistic

Answer 3

Personal problem, look to the character of the person, skills, and immediate opportunities

Question 4

Sociological Imagination - Social Structural

Answer 4

Public issue

Question 5

Chapter 1 takeway

Answer 5

• Individual Agency and Personal Choices do matter
• But these choices are shaped and constrained by larger social contexts

Question 6

What might be some benefits of the
sociological perspective?

Answer 6

• Humanizing effects - Fosters appreciation for diversity and broadens personal views
• Liberating – Empowers people to recognize their role in making history

Question 7

What Is Culture?

Answer 7

a set of beliefs, values, norms, and behaviors shared by a social group

Question 8

Beliefs

Answer 8

• a set of notions we hold to be true, with real consequences
• and they have REAL, MATERIAL consequences even if even if they are not
  factually true

Question 9

Thomas theorem

Answer 9

“If people define situations as real, they are real in their
consequences”

Question 10

Values

Answer 10

Values are moral beliefs – what society deems to be morally proper and good above others (honesty, honor, respect).

Question 11

Individualistic Cultures

Answer 11

Autonomy, self-sufficiency, uniqueness, indepenence

Question 12

Collectivistic Cultures

Answer 12

Social rules for promoting selflessness, working as a group, doing what best for society, families and communities have central roles

Question 13

Norms

Answer 13

Norms are how values tell us to act -> values are building blocks of norms.
Examples: Arranged Marriages
Values: Liberty, Individualism vs. Familism

Question 14

Examples of norms

Answer 14

In societies where purity is
value (and thus deemed morally superior), it is NORMal for people to be saving themselves for marriage.

Question 15

Socialization

Answer 15

Socialization is the process by which a person internalizes the values, beliefs, and norms of society and learns to function as a member of that society.

Question 16

Material Culture

Answer 16

is everything that is a part of our constructed environment, such as books, fashion, and monuments

Question 17

Nonmaterial culture

Answer 17

encompasses values,
beliefs, behaviors, and social norms

Question 18

Cultural lag

Answer 18

The time gap between the
appearance of a new technology and the words
and practices that give it meaning

Question 19

Culture shock

Answer 19

the doubt, confusion, or
anxiety arising from immersion in an unfamiliar culture

Question 20

Code switching

Answer 20

the ability to flip fluidly
between two or more languages or sets of cultural norms to fit different cultural contexts

Question 21

Subcultures

Answer 21

group united by sets of concepts, values, traits, and/or behavioral patterns that distinguish it from others within the same culture or society

Question 22

Ethnocentrism

Answer 22

• One’s native culture is superior
• Lends judgement to other
  cultures as lacking
• Anyone who judges other cultures based on the norms
  and standard of his/her own culture
• Ex: Snails are yucky

Question 23

Cultural Relativism

Answer 23

• View a habits, traits, values of another individual within the context of that person’s cultural norms
• Ex: If I grew up in France, hang around people who enjoy escargot, maybe I’d like it too

Question 24

Three theories of deviance

Answer 24

*Structural Functionalist
theory (Durkheim)
*Strain theory (Merton)
*Labeling theory (Becker)

Question 25

What Is Social Deviance?

Answer 25

Social deviance is any transgression of socially established norms.

Question 26

Informal deviance

Answer 26

Informal deviance typically involves minor transgressions of these norms, and are not usually
punishable by laws.

Question 27

Formal deviance

Answer 27

Formal deviance or crime involves the violation of laws.

Question 28

Formal deviance example

Answer 28

Murder - major transgression

Question 29

Informal Deviance example

Answer 29

Continuously picking up the phone on a date - minor transgression

Question 30

The Role of Deviance

Answer 30

• It is the deviants among us who hold society together
• Informal and Formal sanctions serve as tools that help groups define themselves, create and
  maintain their identities

Question 31

Structuralist Functionalist Theory on Social Deviance?

Answer 31

[1] Deviance helps define social norms (Only know what’s good by knowing what’s not)
[2] Reaction to deviance brings society together (School shootings, Clothing in different industries)

Question 32

Strain theory

Answer 32

• The amount of deviance in a
  society depends on whether that society has provided sufficient means to achieve
  culturally-defined goals
• argues that deviance occurs
  when a society does not give all its members’ equal ability to achieve socially acceptable goals

Question 33

Labeling theory

Answer 33

• People see how they are labeled and accept the label as being “true.”
  – People then behave in accordance with expectations
  surrounding the label they’ve been assigned
• It’s not so much what you do, but it’s more so how people interpret or label it

Question 34

Labeling theory example

Answer 34

Parental Label: Troubled kid
going through a troubled time
Criminal Justice System Label:
Nightmare kid Criminal kid

Question 35

Labeling Theory effect on individuals

Answer 35

• Criminal or mentally ill labels become part of the way you think about yourself.
• People unconsciously notice how others see or label them, and over time they internalize these labels and
  come to accept them as “truth.”

Question 36

What Is Stratification?

Answer 36

refers to systematic inequalities between groups of people that arise as
consequences of social processes and relationships

Question 37

Two perspectives of Stratification

Answer 37

• Individualism: Ability and effort determine success
• Structuralism: Ability and effort do shape the likelihood of success, but The social structural contexts in which you are situated (race, ethnicity, gender, income,
  neighborhood where you live) also, play an informative role in shaping your outcomes.

Question 38

Sex

Answer 38

• Sex refers to the biological differences that distinguish males and females.
• evidence suggests that we need to embrace a more expansive definition of sex
  that goes beyond two rigid and distinct categories

Question 39

Sexuality

Answer 39

Sexuality refers to sexual preference, sexual identity, and sexual behavior

Question 40

Gender

Answer 40

a social construct that consists of a set of social arrangements that are built around sex categories

Question 41

Social reproduction of gender

Answer 41

• Process through which individuals become gendered (Boys learn to be masculine) Through rewards, punishment, observation, and imitation of models.
• Ex: how social institutions (parents, schools, organizations) shape gender identities.

Question 42

Significance of March 14, 2023

Answer 42

• National Equal Pay Day
• symbolic day is used to raise awareness around and combat the impact of pay inequities

Question 43

Why does the gender pay gap exist?

Answer 43

– When/Where.
– Work Experience. 2,500-lifetime trips -> 14% more hours
– Speed.