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BIOL*1090 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Cell division

A

The process by which cells divide to make more cells
occurs for growth, healing, and reproduction
occurs by mitosis or meiosis 

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2
Q

Difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes mitosis

A

Prokaryotes : genome is small and circular
Dna in cytoplasm

Eukaryotes
Genome is large and linear
Dna in nucleus

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3
Q

Cell cycle

A

G1 phase (gap 1 phase)
S phase (synthesis)
G2 phase (gap 2 phase)
M phase (mitosis)

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4
Q

G1 phase

A

Cell growth and cellular metabolism

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5
Q

S phase

A

Synthesis
Dna replication occurs here

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6
Q

G2 phase

A

Preparation for mitosis

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7
Q

Interphase

A

Time between successive mitosis’s
Comprised of G1, S and G2 phase

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8
Q

Quiescent

A

Cells that are not actively cycling that exit the cell cycle from G1 to G0
Ex. A neuron with its axons and dendrites would be quiescent

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9
Q

Forward mutation

A

Wild type to mutant type

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10
Q

Reverse mutation

A

Mutant type to wild type

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11
Q

Missence mutation

A

Amino acid to different amino acid

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12
Q

Nonsense mutations

A

Amino acid to stop codon

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13
Q

Silent mutation

A

Codon to synonymous codon

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14
Q

Neutral mutation

A

No change in function

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15
Q

Base substitutions

A

Changes one base for another
can be Transition and transversion

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16
Q

Frameshift mutations

A

Insertion and deletion

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17
Q

Expanding nucleotide repeats

A

Increase in the number of copies of a set of nucleotides

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18
Q

Purines

A

Adenine and Guanine
(Have 2 rings)

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19
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Cytosine Urasil and Thiamine
Have one ring

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20
Q

How many hydrogen bonds between A and T or A and U

A

2 hydrogen bonds

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21
Q

How many bonds between C and G

A

3 hydrogen bonds

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22
Q

What percent of dna actually codes for protein

A

5%

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23
Q

Template strand

A

The transcribed strand of DNA
Contains the transcription unit (a promoter, an rna coding sequence and a terminator)
Read 3’ to 5’

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24
Q

How does transcription begin

A

Promoter region of dna signals rna where to begin (transcription begins directly after it but not on it so it is not transcribed in rna)
It is located upstream

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25
Q

Terminator (transcription)

A

A sequence that signals where transcription is to end
Incorporated into RNA
Located downstream

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26
Q

In which direction is RNA synthesized?

A

5’ to 3’

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27
Q

Can genes be located in the + or - strand on DNA

A

Yes

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28
Q

Where is -10 located on dna

A

Upstream within the promoter as is the -35

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29
Q

Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing RNA

A

Rna polymerase I for mRNA and II for other RNAs and III for tRNS

30
Q

Where does dna enter rna polymerase 2

A

The cleft it enters with the template strand in the direction of 3’ first

31
Q

What regulates transcription

A

The promoter/Operon combo

32
Q

Negative regulatory proteins

A

Inhibit transcription

33
Q

Positive regulator proteins

A

Activate transcription

34
Q

Negative Inducible operons

A

When transcription of operon is usually off and something happens to turn it on
Regulator protein is a repressor that blocks binding of rna polymerase to promoter
Repressor needs to be relieved of its duties in order for transcription to proceed

35
Q

Repressible operons

A

Operons that are normally on but something happens that turns them off

36
Q

An inducer

A

Allows transcription to take place
A small molecule that binds to the inhibitor/repressor and inactivates it so repressor can no longer. Bind to dna

37
Q

Lac operon

A

Negative inducible operon
Inhibitor regulator
Allolactose is the ligand that deactivates the inhibitor/repressor

38
Q

Which genes does lac operon thing have

A

Lac z, lac y and lac A

39
Q

Repressor protein of lac operon

40
Q

By how many times is the rate of synthesis of lac operon increased in the presence of lactose

A

1000
In 2-3 min

41
Q

Components of translation

A

mRNA
Initiation factors
Elongation factors
Release factors
Aminoacyl tRNA synthases
tRNA
rRNA and ribosomal proteins

42
Q

Non-overlapping genetic code

A

Each nucleotide is part of one codon

43
Q

Degenerate genetic code

A

Most amino acids are specified by more than one codon

44
Q

The genetic code is nearly universal

A

With minor exceptions each triplet/codon has the same meaning in all organisms

45
Q

Adjacent codons

A

There are no spaces between them

46
Q

Three steps in translation

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

47
Q

Initiation

A

The initiator AUG codon is recognized and MET is established as the first amino acid in the new polypeptide chain

48
Q

Elongation

A

Successive amino acids are added one by one to the growing chain

49
Q

Termination

A

A stop codon is recognized by a release factor that mimics a tRNA resulting in the completed polypeptide chain being released from the ribosome

50
Q

Bond between amino acids

A

Peptide bond

51
Q

How many codons are there

52
Q

Stop codons

53
Q

Mendelssohn principle of segregation

A

In heterozygotes, alleles R and r segregate independently from one another

54
Q

Mendels principle of independent assortment

A

Alleles on different chromosomes assort independently
Occurs during anaphase 1 of meiosis and anaphase of mitosis

55
Q

You got this

56
Q

Dominant negative mutations

A

Loss of function that interferes with normal function

57
Q

Dominant allele mutations

A

loss of function (ex no antenna) or gain of function

58
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

Red+white = pink

59
Q

Co dominance

A

Black + white = checkered
Ex AB blood

60
Q

Penetrance

A

Percentage of individuals having the expected phenotype for their genotype
Either have it or don’t

61
Q

Expressivity

A

The degree to which a character is expressed

62
Q

5 properties of the genetic code

A
  1. There are no spaces between codons
  2. The genetic code is non-overlapping
  3. Most amino acids are specified by more than one codon
  4. The genetic code is nearly universal (each triplet codon has the same meaning in all organisms)
63
Q

What bond holds the nucleotides together in dna

A

Phosphodiester bond between the oxygen at the 3’ end of DNA and the phosphate at the 5’ end of dna 🧬

64
Q

Difference between dna and rna at 5’ end
And their size

A

Dna has a mono phosphate at 5’ end and rna has a triphosphate at 5’ end
Dna is very large whereas rna is small

65
Q

How wide is dna
How wide is a chromatid

A

Dna is 2nm
Chromatid is 1400nm

66
Q

Transition

A

Purine to purine (A to G)
Or pyrimidine to pyrimidine (T to C)

67
Q

Transversions

A

Purine to pyrimidine (A to T, A to C, G to C, G to T)
Pyrinidine to purine (T to A, blah blah

68
Q

Conserved substitution mutation vs non conserved

A

Both cases are missence mutations however in conserved mutations the new amino acid has similar chemical properties to original
In non conserved the new amino acid has different chemical properties than original

69
Q

Hypomorph

A

Not wild type but not null allele either
Genotype that is not the wild type, but a mutant that has partial loss of function.

70
Q

Roan

A

The codominant patterning on a cow

71
Q

Penetrance calculation

A

Total number of individuals with phenotype(on pedigree ones that are coloured in)/ total number of individuals with genotype (on pedigree ones that are coloured or have a hat)

72
Q

Theee possible causes of Penetrance and variable expressivity

A
  1. Environmental
  2. Epigenetic (changes in gene expression but not due to mutations)
  3. Maternal age (ex. The older the mother the milder the phenotype)

BIOL*1090 (3 decks)

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