Midterm 1 Flashcards
Cell division
The process by which cells divide to make more cells
occurs for growth, healing, and reproduction
occurs by mitosis or meiosis 
Difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes mitosis
Prokaryotes : genome is small and circular
Dna in cytoplasm
Eukaryotes
Genome is large and linear
Dna in nucleus
Cell cycle
G1 phase (gap 1 phase)
S phase (synthesis)
G2 phase (gap 2 phase)
M phase (mitosis)
G1 phase
Cell growth and cellular metabolism
S phase
Synthesis
Dna replication occurs here
G2 phase
Preparation for mitosis
Interphase
Time between successive mitosis’s
Comprised of G1, S and G2 phase
Quiescent
Cells that are not actively cycling that exit the cell cycle from G1 to G0
Ex. A neuron with its axons and dendrites would be quiescent
Forward mutation
Wild type to mutant type
Reverse mutation
Mutant type to wild type
Missence mutation
Amino acid to different amino acid
Nonsense mutations
Amino acid to stop codon
Silent mutation
Codon to synonymous codon
Neutral mutation
No change in function
Base substitutions
Changes one base for another
can be Transition and transversion
Frameshift mutations
Insertion and deletion
Expanding nucleotide repeats
Increase in the number of copies of a set of nucleotides
Purines
Adenine and Guanine
(Have 2 rings)
Pyrimidines
Cytosine Urasil and Thiamine
Have one ring
How many hydrogen bonds between A and T or A and U
2 hydrogen bonds
How many bonds between C and G
3 hydrogen bonds
What percent of dna actually codes for protein
5%
Template strand
The transcribed strand of DNA
Contains the transcription unit (a promoter, an rna coding sequence and a terminator)
Read 3’ to 5’
How does transcription begin
Promoter region of dna signals rna where to begin (transcription begins directly after it but not on it so it is not transcribed in rna)
It is located upstream
Terminator (transcription)
A sequence that signals where transcription is to end
Incorporated into RNA
Located downstream
In which direction is RNA synthesized?
5’ to 3’
Can genes be located in the + or - strand on DNA
Yes
Where is -10 located on dna
Upstream within the promoter as is the -35