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BIOL*1090 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Cell division

A

The process by which cells divide to make more cells
occurs for growth, healing, and reproduction
occurs by mitosis or meiosis 

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2
Q

Difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes mitosis

A

Prokaryotes : genome is small and circular
Dna in cytoplasm

Eukaryotes
Genome is large and linear
Dna in nucleus

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3
Q

Cell cycle

A

G1 phase (gap 1 phase)
S phase (synthesis)
G2 phase (gap 2 phase)
M phase (mitosis)

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4
Q

G1 phase

A

Cell growth and cellular metabolism

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5
Q

S phase

A

Synthesis
Dna replication occurs here

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6
Q

G2 phase

A

Preparation for mitosis

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7
Q

Interphase

A

Time between successive mitosis’s
Comprised of G1, S and G2 phase

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8
Q

Quiescent

A

Cells that are not actively cycling that exit the cell cycle from G1 to G0
Ex. A neuron with its axons and dendrites would be quiescent

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9
Q

Forward mutation

A

Wild type to mutant type

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10
Q

Reverse mutation

A

Mutant type to wild type

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11
Q

Missence mutation

A

Amino acid to different amino acid

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12
Q

Nonsense mutations

A

Amino acid to stop codon

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13
Q

Silent mutation

A

Codon to synonymous codon

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14
Q

Neutral mutation

A

No change in function

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15
Q

Base substitutions

A

Changes one base for another
can be Transition and transversion

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16
Q

Frameshift mutations

A

Insertion and deletion

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17
Q

Expanding nucleotide repeats

A

Increase in the number of copies of a set of nucleotides

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18
Q

Purines

A

Adenine and Guanine
(Have 2 rings)

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19
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Cytosine Urasil and Thiamine
Have one ring

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20
Q

How many hydrogen bonds between A and T or A and U

A

2 hydrogen bonds

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21
Q

How many bonds between C and G

A

3 hydrogen bonds

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22
Q

What percent of dna actually codes for protein

A

5%

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23
Q

Template strand

A

The transcribed strand of DNA
Contains the transcription unit (a promoter, an rna coding sequence and a terminator)
Read 3’ to 5’

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24
Q

How does transcription begin

A

Promoter region of dna signals rna where to begin (transcription begins directly after it but not on it so it is not transcribed in rna)
It is located upstream

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25
Terminator (transcription)
A sequence that signals where transcription is to end Incorporated into RNA Located downstream
26
In which direction is RNA synthesized?
5’ to 3’
27
Can genes be located in the + or - strand on DNA
Yes
28
Where is -10 located on dna
Upstream within the promoter as is the -35
29
Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing RNA
Rna polymerase I for mRNA and II for other RNAs and III for tRNS
30
Where does dna enter rna polymerase 2
The cleft it enters with the template strand in the direction of 3’ first
31
What regulates transcription
The promoter/Operon combo
32
Negative regulatory proteins
Inhibit transcription
33
Positive regulator proteins
Activate transcription
34
Negative Inducible operons
When transcription of operon is usually off and something happens to turn it on Regulator protein is a repressor that blocks binding of rna polymerase to promoter Repressor needs to be relieved of its duties in order for transcription to proceed
35
Repressible operons
Operons that are normally on but something happens that turns them off
36
An inducer
Allows transcription to take place A small molecule that binds to the inhibitor/repressor and inactivates it so repressor can no longer. Bind to dna
37
Lac operon
Negative inducible operon Inhibitor regulator Allolactose is the ligand that deactivates the inhibitor/repressor
38
Which genes does lac operon thing have
Lac z, lac y and lac A
39
Repressor protein of lac operon
Lacl
40
By how many times is the rate of synthesis of lac operon increased in the presence of lactose
1000 In 2-3 min
41
Components of translation
mRNA Initiation factors Elongation factors Release factors Aminoacyl tRNA synthases tRNA rRNA and ribosomal proteins
42
Non-overlapping genetic code
Each nucleotide is part of one codon
43
Degenerate genetic code
Most amino acids are specified by more than one codon
44
The genetic code is nearly universal
With minor exceptions each triplet/codon has the same meaning in all organisms
45
Adjacent codons
There are no spaces between them
46
Three steps in translation
Initiation Elongation Termination
47
Initiation
The initiator AUG codon is recognized and MET is established as the first amino acid in the new polypeptide chain
48
Elongation
Successive amino acids are added one by one to the growing chain
49
Termination
A stop codon is recognized by a release factor that mimics a tRNA resulting in the completed polypeptide chain being released from the ribosome
50
Bond between amino acids
Peptide bond
51
How many codons are there
64
52
Stop codons
UAG UAA UGA
53
Mendelssohn principle of segregation
In heterozygotes, alleles R and r segregate independently from one another
54
Mendels principle of independent assortment
Alleles on different chromosomes assort independently Occurs during anaphase 1 of meiosis and anaphase of mitosis
55
You got this
I know
56
Dominant negative mutations
Loss of function that interferes with normal function
57
Dominant allele mutations
loss of function (ex no antenna) or gain of function
58
Incomplete dominance
Red+white = pink
59
Co dominance
Black + white = checkered Ex AB blood
60
Penetrance
Percentage of individuals having the expected phenotype for their genotype Either have it or don’t
61
Expressivity
The degree to which a character is expressed
62
5 properties of the genetic code
1. There are no spaces between codons 2. The genetic code is non-overlapping 3. Most amino acids are specified by more than one codon 4. The genetic code is nearly universal (each triplet codon has the same meaning in all organisms)
63
What bond holds the nucleotides together in dna
Phosphodiester bond between the oxygen at the 3’ end of DNA and the phosphate at the 5’ end of dna 🧬
64
Difference between dna and rna at 5’ end And their size
Dna has a mono phosphate at 5’ end and rna has a triphosphate at 5’ end Dna is very large whereas rna is small
65
How wide is dna How wide is a chromatid
Dna is 2nm Chromatid is 1400nm
66
Transition
Purine to purine (A to G) Or pyrimidine to pyrimidine (T to C)
67
Transversions
Purine to pyrimidine (A to T, A to C, G to C, G to T) Pyrinidine to purine (T to A, blah blah
68
Conserved substitution mutation vs non conserved
Both cases are missence mutations however in conserved mutations the new amino acid has similar chemical properties to original In non conserved the new amino acid has different chemical properties than original
69
Hypomorph
Not wild type but not null allele either Genotype that is not the wild type, but a mutant that has partial loss of function.
70
Roan
The codominant patterning on a cow
71
Penetrance calculation
Total number of individuals with phenotype(on pedigree ones that are coloured in)/ total number of individuals with genotype (on pedigree ones that are coloured or have a hat)
72
Theee possible causes of Penetrance and variable expressivity
1. Environmental 2. Epigenetic (changes in gene expression but not due to mutations) 3. Maternal age (ex. The older the mother the milder the phenotype)

BIOL*1090 (3 decks)

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