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POL 103 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What term refers to full state ownership of specific industries?

A

parastatals

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2
Q

Growing ethnic identity in some ways the consequence of what?

A

state development

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3
Q

What term refers to views regarding the necessary pace and scope of change between freedom and equality?

A

political attitudes

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4
Q

What theory states that, “as societies develop, they become capitalist democracies”?

A

modernization theory

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5
Q

What term describes:
“as x changes, so does why”?

A

correlation

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6
Q

What term refers to a highly centralized regime that possesses some form of strong ideology that seeks to transform and absorb fundamental aspects of state, society, and the economy?

A

Totalitarianism

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7
Q

Why were there wars in Yugoslavia after Tito’s death?

A

The majority ethnic group of Yugoslavia, the Serbs, wanted to centralize power, but other groups wanted independence

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8
Q

What term believes liberty and freedom are achievable through the elimination of the state?

A

anarchism

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9
Q

What term rests on the idea that people/groups can be classified in terms of inferiority/superiority?

A

fascism

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10
Q

What was the name of the ruler of Yugoslavia who underscored the importance of identity?

A

General Tito

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11
Q

Bismarck shut down social democratic policies, such as health care, unemployment insurance, and pensions?-T or F

A

False!!! enacted these

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12
Q

Political Science focuses on PREDICTION than EXPLANATION-T or F

A

False

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13
Q

What term refers to the when all regions have the right to make decisions on a set of ideas?

A

Symmetrical Federalism

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14
Q

What term refers to the institution that controls how much money is flowing through the economy, as well as how much money is in that economy?

A

Central Bank

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15
Q

The poorer the country, the less likely it is to be democratic-T or F

A

True

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16
Q

Why did leaders create bureaucracies AKA the state?

A

To measure, extract, and spend tax revenues in order to pay for the providence of soldiers AKA security

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17
Q

What 2 major events transformed the basis of comparative politics?

A

1) Rapid Industralization of Asia
2) Collapse of Communism in Soviet Union

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18
Q

What term refers to the comprising of basic institutions that help define a society?

A

Culture

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19
Q

What is the definition for political science?

A

The study of political institutions and political behavior

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20
Q

What nondemocratic term refers to the claim that one person alone is fit to rule the country with no clear regime to constrain that person’s rule?

A

Personal rule

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21
Q

As an ideology, what do liberals believe in?

A

-individual politics and economic freedom
-low degree of government autonomy

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22
Q

What term refers to the state’s collection of funds to pay for public goods and services and as a result benefit the public directly?

A

Taxation

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23
Q

What were the 3 causes of the French Revolution?

A

1) Financial Crisis
2) Famine
3) Ideology (Enlightenment and Social Contract)

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24
Q

What term refers to the state’s provision of public benefits, such as education and healthcare, called the “welfare state”?

A

social expenditures

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25
Q

Germany’s trend toward democratization can best be described by what 2 traits?

A

1) Top down challenge
2) Wrapped up with nation building and expansion of territory

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26
Q

What theory refers to the idea that through the working class’s organization of labor unions and left parties, there are more egalitarian outcomes?

A

power resource theory

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27
Q

In _________, states can’t have full autonomy

A

Democracies

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28
Q

Weak states __________

A

cannot execute basic tasks

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29
Q

What are the 2 types of methods in poly-sci?

A

1) Quantitative-relies on statistics; breadth over depth; inductive
2) Qualitative-relies on personal knowledge and experience; depth over breadth; deductive

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30
Q

What was the first example of a country using nationalist sentiment to own advantage?

A

Napoleonic France

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31
Q

What nondemocratic term refers to the ruler’s dependency on a collection of supporters within the state who gain direct benefits in return for enforcing ruler’s will and only followers benefit?

A

patrimonialism

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32
Q

What term refers to the emergence of a single producer of a good/service that is able to dominate the market?

A

Monopoly

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33
Q

It is much easier to CREATE institutions, than REMOVE them-T or F

A

True

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34
Q

When members of the middle class believe economic insecurity rather than people in power is greatest threat to wealth, they may become the most opposed to authoritariansm/totalitarianism?-T or F

A

False; become the strongest

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35
Q

What are key features of Christian democratic states?

A

1) some mobility
2) high regulation of markets
3) limited decommodification
4) proportional- contribution based benefits

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36
Q

What term refers to significant powers being left to regional bodies?

A

Federalism

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37
Q

The rise of what 2 political phenomenons helped political scientists focus on the WHY instead of the HOW?

A

Fascism & Communism

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38
Q

What term refers to different ethnic groups’ struggle to achieve certain political and economic goals at each other’s expense?

A

ethnic conflict

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39
Q

in the context of political attitudes, what do liberals believe in?

A

favor evolutionary progressive change can happen through changes within the system

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40
Q

States can have charismatic legitimacy-T or F

A

False; only people

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41
Q

What does “laissez-faire” mean?

A

economy should be free to do as it wishes

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42
Q

What term refers to state-provided, secured goods available to society and indivisible; no 1 person can own them?

A

Public Goods

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43
Q

What term refers to one/more groups develop clear aspirations for sovereignty, clashing with each other as a result?

A

national conflict

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44
Q

What term refers to the logic of increasing returns, decisions made early are supposed to be most influential?

A

Path Dependency

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45
Q

All states are welfare states to some extent-T or F

A

True

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46
Q

What term refers to the shift from kinship networks to nuclear families?

A

Microlevel

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47
Q

What term refers to a system of political, social, and economic liberties supported by competition, participation, and contestation?

A

Liberal Democracy

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48
Q

What is the term for political actions, participations, but also views and ideologies?

A

political behavior

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49
Q

While there are major spikes in state-spending on the military during conflicts, during the industrial era, there were also major spikes in what?

A

Social Spending

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50
Q

What term refers to when a country becomes more federalist?

A

Devolution

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51
Q

What are the classic 4 political-economic systems and their definitions?

A

1) Mercantilism-domestic economy is an instrument that exists to serve states’ needs by generating wealth that can be used for national power
2) Communism-private property fully nationalized
3) Liberalism-individual political and economic freedom over collective equality
4) Social Democracy-markets and property encouraged by state, but controlled to prevent individual profit at expense of whole

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52
Q

What term refers to a social identity with ascriptive traits that is defined by ancestry? (Kanchan Chandra)

A

ethnicity

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53
Q

Failed states _________

A

collapse

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54
Q

What place represented early republicanism by electing officials and using the separation of powers?

A

Rome

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55
Q

What term refers to a system of policy-making involving the state, labor, and businesses; creates limited number of associations that represent large segment of business and labor?

A

Neo corporatism

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56
Q

What are 4 key features of social democratic states?

A

1) high social mobility
2) high regulation of market
3) some decommodification
4) encourages female labor-force population

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57
Q

What term refers to when prices rise, and money loses its value due to the imbalance of supply and demand?

A

inflation

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58
Q

What is a modern example of direct democracy?

A

referendums

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59
Q

What term refers to the sets of political values held by individuals regarding the fundamental goals of politics and are concerned with the ideal relationship between freedom and equality and how institutions can achieve that?

A

political ideologies

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60
Q

What term refers to the total market value of all goods and services produced within a country over 1 year?

A

GDP

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61
Q

What agreement put an end towards the war in Bosnia?

A

Dayton accords

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62
Q

What is a top-down view?

A

conflict generated by elites

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63
Q

What factor helps political science experiments?

A

randomization

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64
Q

What 2 characteristics are attributed to mercantilist states?

A

1) Limited social expenditures to promote higher public savings
2) Strong use of tariffs

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65
Q

What does the government refer to?

A

Leadership/elite in charge of the running state

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66
Q

What term refers to the basic unit for economic transactions?

A

Money

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67
Q

What term refers to the study of how politics and economics are intertwined and shape the balance of freedom and equality?

A

Political Economy

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68
Q

What were the 2 factors that helped build the nation state?

A

1) Administrative centralization and language
2) Print Capitalism

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69
Q

What are 3 key features of liberal states?

A

1) fewer protections for employees
2) not geared towards female labor force participation
3) means-tested benefits focused on poverty relief

70
Q

What term refers to the rules/orders that lay down boundaries of a given procedure- can take different forms?

A

Regulations

71
Q

Property rights intrinsically exist-T/F

A

False

72
Q

What term refers to an institution, not identity used to demarcate civic duties?

A

citizenship

73
Q

What does valued mean within the context of institutions?

A

Institutions have stakeholders

74
Q

What are the 2 distinct roles of the executive branch?

A

1) head of state
2) head of government

75
Q

What are the 3 differences between welfare state types and their definitons?

A

1) Stratification-Does the state promote social mobility?
2) State-Market Relationship-To what extent, does the state regulate its economy?
3) Decommodification-What is the extent to which existence is tied to work?

76
Q

What term describes:
“a change in x causes a change in y”?

A

causation

77
Q

What happened in the Storming of the Bastille?

A

an attempt to get munitions by angry Parisians

78
Q

France’s trend towards democratization can best be described by what 2 traits?

A

1) Fast
2)Bottom-up challenge to monarchy

79
Q

What are the 3 major problems when it comes to studying poly-sci?

A

LIMITED
1) Data
2) Access
3) Power

80
Q

Why did many political scientists predict the downfall of the welfare state and what were these pressures?

A

New pressures in the 2nd half of the 20th century/post-industrial period; fewer workers, aging demographic, higher pension costs, industry turning more service-oriented

81
Q

What term, in context of democracy, refers to?
“Who is allowed to participate in this system?’

A

Inclusiveness

82
Q

What term sums up the phrase?:
“the cases we choose to study determine the answers we get.”

A

selection bias

83
Q

Political Science focuses on the IDEAL instead of the ACTUAL- T or F

A

False

84
Q

What are 2 examples of ethnic conflicts?

A

Rwandan Genocide and Breakup of former Yugoslavia

85
Q

What are the 8 components of a political economy?

A

1) Markets
2) Property
3) Public Goods
4) Social Expenditures
5) Taxation
6) Money, Inflation, and Unemployment
7) Regulations
8) Trade

86
Q

What does the regime refer to?

A

norms and values surrounding its use; also power dynamics within that state

87
Q

According to Tilly, what are the 2 obstacles for the partitioning of the world into states?

A

1) Speakers coming from populations that haven’t made distinct states, have made claims to independent statehood
2) NATO, AKA blocs of states

88
Q

What term refers to when political leaders essentially rent out parts of the state to their clients, who as a result control public goods that would otherwise be distributed in a non-political manner?

A

Rent-seeking

89
Q

What term refers to less structured states that co-opt members of the public by providing benefits or favors to a single person/small group in return for public support?

A

Clientism

90
Q

What term refers to inflation that is more than 50% for more than 2 months straight?

A

hyperinflation

91
Q

Ethnicity is inherently a political identity-T or F

A

False

92
Q

What nondemocratic term refers to military’s hijacking of the government by force?

A

Military rule

93
Q

What is the term for the ability of an individual to act independently?

A

freedom

94
Q

What index was created by UN as a measure of country’s wellbeing, by looking at literacy rates, life expectancy, educational enrollment, and etc.?

A

HDI

95
Q

With what theory did political organization begin?

A

Rousseau’s “social contract” theory

96
Q

What term refers to a method by which authoritarianism and totalitarianism regimes show control over public by creating/sanctioning a few organizations to represent public interests and not restricting those set up by the state?

A

Corporatism

97
Q

In what 3 ways did standardized language and national identity lay basis for national consciousness?

A

1) It created unified fields of exchange and communication below Latin above the spoken vernaculars
2) It standardized language/fixed it in time
3) It reinforced regional hierarchies of power

98
Q

What are the 3 forms of legitimacy and their definitions?

A

1) Traditional-Valid b/c always has been there
2) Charismatic-magnetism to ideas and individual
3) Rational-Legal-title is important

99
Q

What is a bottom-up view?

A

conflict generated by long-standing friction between groups?

100
Q

What term refers to an institution that binds people together through a common set of political aspirations, the most important being self-government?

A

National identity

101
Q

What are 2 reasons for why rulers stay in power?

A

1) Fear-punish dissent
2) Rewards-bribe supporters

102
Q

What term refers to “reverse causality”?
hint: chicken and egg problem

A

endogeneity

103
Q

What term refers to a pride in one’s nation and people and the belief that they have their own political destiny separate from others?

A

Nationalism

104
Q

What are 3 features of instrumental identity?

A

1) Large scale violence provoked by elites seeking to gain, maintain, or increase hold on political power
2) Violence had the effect intended by elites, of constructing group identities in more antagonistic and rigid ways
3) Newly constructed/reconstructed ethnic identities serve to increase support for elites who provoked violence

105
Q

What term sums up the question?:
“Can a state do this if other actors don’t want it to?”

A

Autonomy

106
Q

What term refers to a political regime in which a small group of individuals exercise power over the state without being constitutionally responsible to the public?

A

Authoritarianism

107
Q

What occurs when there is a third factor correlated with X and Y?

A

confounding

108
Q

Strong states _________

A

fulfill basic tasks

109
Q

Nations are inherently political-T or F

A

True

110
Q

Why did ethnic identities become politically independent in Yugoslavia?

A

Politicians relied on ethnic tensions to garner support

111
Q

Comparative Politics uses what 2 factors to judge states?

A

1) Capacity & 2) Autonomy

112
Q

What term sums up the question?:
“Can a state do this if it wants to?”

A

Capacity

113
Q

What led to the Congress of Vienna/concert of Europe?

A

Napoleonic Wars

114
Q

What are examples of ascriptive traits?

A

-language
-religion
-geographic location
-customs
-appearance
-history

115
Q

What term refers to taxes on imported goods?

A

Tariffs

116
Q

Bismarck pursued a conservative path towards ___________

A

modernization

117
Q

Globalization encourages a race to the bottom; what does this term mean?

A

a competitive environment where countries and companies undercut each other by cutting costs of production

118
Q

What school of thought looked at individual actors’ political behavior to explain events and predict politics?

A

Behaviorialism

119
Q

What is the logic of industrialism?

A

the welfare/social benefits we have today are tied to a shift in the state’s role

120
Q

What are 4 benefits to regulating trade?

A

1) Generation of state revenue
2) Fostering of Local Industry
3) Protection of Local Jobs
4) Keeping of wealth in country

121
Q

in the context of political attitudes, what do radicals believe in?

A

dramatic, often revolutionary change of the existing political, social, or economic order

122
Q

What term, in context of democracy, refers to?
““What are individuals allowed to do in the system?”

A

Public Contestation

123
Q

In the UK during the 19th century, industralization led to ________ ____ ________

A

changes to inclusiveness
-locus of power moved from rural to urban
-economic influence of urban middle class
-voting reform acts

124
Q

According to Dahl, what are 3 features of a democracy and what are the 2 ways to measure these 3?

A

1) Formulate preferences
2) Signify preferences
3) Have preferences weighed equally in conduct of government

Public contestation and inclusiveness

125
Q

What were the 3 downsides to the French Revolution?

A

1) Reign of Terror
2) Napoleon
3) Instability

126
Q

What was the conflict between the Catholic and Protestant regions in Yugoslavia?

A

Sonerbund War

127
Q

What are 3 reasons to not regulate trade?

A

1) Promotes competition
2) Keeps costs of goods low
3) Stimulate domestic innovation in areas of comparative advantage

128
Q

in the context of political attitudes, what do reactionaries do?

A

seek to restore political, social, economic institutions that once existed; willing to use violence

129
Q

What term refers to political leaders’ ability to refer questions to a court, often before laws are passed and what is an example of this?

A

Abstract Review; French Constitutional Court

130
Q

What term refers to the basic norms for a political activity in a society?

A

Political Culture

131
Q

What term refers to the interactions btwn the forces of supply and demand and the allocation of resources through that interaction, as well as the generation of values for goods and services?

A

Markets

132
Q

Where does democracy descend from?

A

Athens, Greece

133
Q

What term refers to the ability of anyone to bring cases to a court and what is an example of this?

A

Concrete review; US Supreme Court

134
Q

What is the concept of “imagined communities” by Benedict Andersen about?

A

members will never know most of their fellow members, yet in the minds of each lives the image of their communion

135
Q

The taxation in France burdened the poor-T or F

A

True

136
Q

What term refers to the part of machine used for redistribution; main axis of political competition in most democracies at least in the 20th century?

A

Welfare state

137
Q

What term refers to the resistance of external actors and limitation of internal strife?

A

Security

138
Q

What term refers to the ownership of goods and services?

A

Property

139
Q

What term refers to when regions have an unequal distribution of power to make decisions on a set of ideas?

A

Asymmetrical Federalism

140
Q

What were the 3 institutional outcomes in the Declaration of rights and man?

A

1) Natural Rights
2) Social Contract
3) Separation of powers

141
Q

What 3 factors led to the transformation of the state in the DARK AGES?

A

1) economic development
2) technological innovation
3) domestic stability

142
Q

Which state emerged as the strongest German speaking state and led the unification of Germany?

A

Prussia

143
Q

What were new risks created by the industrial revolution?

A

Decreased life expectancy, Increased workplace accidents, erosion of family networks as safeguards

144
Q

What term refers to when members of the public are brought into a beneficial relationship with the state and government often through corporatism/clientism?

A

Co-optation

145
Q

Using the computer, an operator, and its program as an analogy, how do the state, regime, and government fit into this?

A

Computer-The State
Programming-The Regime
Operator-The Government

146
Q

What term refers to the investment of most power in the national level?

A

Unitary

147
Q

What term refers to a system of ownership based on private ownership and free markets?

A

capitalism

148
Q

What term refers to an ideology that seeks to unite religion with the state/ make faith the sovereign period of history?

A

fundamentalism

149
Q

What is the term for organizations/activities that are stable/valued and generate recurring patterns of behavior?

A

Institutions

150
Q

What is the term for the shared standard of individuals within community, society, and country?

A

equality

151
Q

In the UK during the 17th century, public contestation led to ________ ________

A

institutional outcomes

152
Q

Who was the chancellor of Germany for much of the second half of the 1800s?

A

Otto von Bismarck

153
Q

What term refers to the limitation of quantity of a good into the country?

A

Quota

154
Q

What term refers to the attempt to estimate the buying power of income in each country by comparing similar costs?

A

PPP (purchasing power parity)

155
Q

What are the 3 key traits of the state and their definitions?

A

1) Sovereign-independent from internal and external rivals
2) Highly institutionalized-Stable
3) Bureaucracy-machinery of politics

156
Q

What was the name of the man who discovered cholera was due to sewage contamination in water wells, which would lead to the demand for healthcare?

A

John Snow

157
Q

What does the state refer to?

A

A monopoly of violence BUT also the set of political institutions that transform ideas and conflicts regarding freedom and equality into concrete action

158
Q

Who is considered the most important theorist of democracy?

A

Robert Dahl

159
Q

What is the difference between HOBBES’ Social Contract Theory and LOCKE’S Social Contract Theory?

A

HOBBES: people give up freedoms for protection from state; state is the leviathan
vs.
LOCKE: people’s will is the basis of the authority for the government

160
Q

What term refers to a group of producers, who as individuals cannot dominate the market, and do so as collaborators?

A

Cartel

161
Q

What is the difficulty in establishing causality with observational data?

A

factors that we care about interact with other factors

162
Q

Discontent with the German confederation (later formed after congress of vienna) led to the formation of the Zollverein, which exchanged the right to make money for what other right?

A

the right to rule

163
Q

What are some effects of urbanization?

A

poor health conditons, epidemics, creation of demands for public goods

164
Q

What are different types of state organizations?

A

-nation-states
-multi-national states
-confederations
-city-states
-empires

165
Q

In ___________, states maximize autonomy

A

Authoritarian Governments

166
Q

Political Scientist Tilly says what action gave birth to the modern state?

A

organized crime

167
Q

Who is the 1st modern political scientist?

A

Nicolo Machiavelli

168
Q

What term refers to the ability to produce a particular good/service more efficiently relative to other countries’ efficiency in producing the same good or service?

A

Comparative Advantage

169
Q

What treaty established modern state sovereignty, by allowing local leaders to choose religion and its main consequence?

A

Treaty of Westphalia; voluntary consolidation of states which led to incentive for economic development

170
Q

If something is a spurious correlation, does it have a causation effect on each other?

A

NO

171
Q

The UK’s trend towards democratization can best be described by what 3 key traits?

A

Early: began in 13th century
Slow: slow progression
Limited: monarchy still exists

172
Q

What term refers to ownership of a specific type of information/knowledge?

A

Intellectual Property

POL 103 (2 decks)

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