Midterm 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Concurrent disorder
A
people who have addiction or substance abuse disorder, or psychiatric disorder. living with two mental health problems, one of them is substance abuse disorder.
2
Q
Fear
A
A negative emotional state in response to real or perceived imminent threat to the self. Present focused
3
Q
Anxiety
A
A negative emotional state that stems from anticipation of future threat to the self. Future focused.
4
Q
What is a Cognitive Component of Anxiety
A
Subjective perception of anxious arousal and associated cognitive processes. Examples: worry and ruminations. Over estimation of harm
4
Q
What is a Physiological Component of Anxiety
A
Heightened level of arousal and physiological activation. Examples: ↑ heart rate, shortness of breath, dry mouth
5
Q
What is a Behavioural Component of Anxiety
A
‘Safety’ behaviours
Avoidance. People who are socially anxious avoid social situations to avoid others, and end up not going anywhere. Worsens the anxious experience.
6
Q
What are way people combat behavioural component of anxiety
A
Exposure response prevention, or exposure therapy. Face your fears
7
Q
When does anxiety become a problem?
A
anxiety must be chronic, relatively intense, associated with role impairment, and causing significant distress for self or others
8
Q
What factor is important to anxiety to be a problem
A
Situational factors are important because it is normal to feel anxious in those situations that are truly upsetting or when there are actual threats to survival.
9
Q
what is the base cognitive model of anxiety
A
Triggering situation -> Anxious Thought/Appraisal -> Anxious Feeling
10
Q
what is the high anxiety
A
High anxiety = High threat probability/severity + low coping and safety
11
Q
what is the low anxiety
A
Low anxiety = low threat probability/severity + high coping and safety
12
Q
what is the moderate anxiety
A
Moderate = neutral threat probability/severity + neutral coping and safety
13
Q
what is Catastrophizing and an example
A
way of thinking that assumes things are worse than they are or will have a far worse outcome than is realistic
“It is the end of the world if I get turned down when I ask for a date.”
14
Q
what is Overgeneralizing and an example
A
someone expects something negative to happen in all situations because of a previous negative experience
“I didn’t get a good grade on this test. I can’t get anything right.”
15
Q
what is Selective abstraction
A
Only seeing specific details of the situation (e.g., Seeing the negatives but missing the positive details). could be triggering situation. More they believe likely to be harm, more believe they dont have the tools with situation feel most anxious.
16
Q
what is specific phobia
A
Marked fear or anxiety about a specific about or situation (e.g., flying heights)
17
Q
what is social anxiety disorder (social phobia)
A
marked fear or anxiety about one or more social situations in which the individual is exposed to possible scrutiny by others. example include social intentions, being observed and performing in front of others
18
Q
what are socially anxious people
A
are highly aware of the image they present to others. are high in public self-consciousness.
are preoccupied with a need to seem perfect and not make mistakes in front of other people.
19
Q
People who experience phobias or social anxiety disorder are more likely to?
A
attend to negative stimuli; interpret ambiguous information as threatening; and believe that negative events are more likely than positive ones to reoccur.
Engage in post-event processing of negative social experiences.
20
Q
Cognitive-behavioral models link SAD with certain cognitive characteristics?
A
Attentional bias to focus on negative social information. Perfectionistic standards for accepted social performances. High degree of public self-consciousness
21
Q
what are high risk days
A
days on which young adults used substances (alcohol/cannabis) to cope with social anxiety. linked to heavier alcohol use
22
Q
what was greater perceived positive alcohol consequences
A
lower NA (e.g., forget my worries). More PA and social experiences (e.g., sociability, better mood)
23
Q
is a panic attack a mental disorder
A
No. But they can occur in the context of any anxiety disorder as well as other mental disorders and some medical conditions
24
What may a panic attack person also experience
depersonalization (a feeling of being outside one’s body). derealization (a feeling of the world not being real, as well as fears of losing control, of going crazy, or even of dying
25
what is panic disorder
recurrent unexpected panic attacks, abrupt surge of intense fear or intense discomfort that reaches peak within minutes
26
what are four following symptoms occur for panic disorder
1. palpitations, pounding heart
2. sweating
3. trembling or shaking
4. feelings of choking
27
at least one of the panic attack have been follow by 1 month or both of what?
1. Persistent worrying concern another panic attack will happen again in future
2. change in behaviour related to attacks, avoiding place you think panic attack will happen
28
what are two kind of panic attack
1. Unexpected – no obvious cue or trigger (out of the blue)
2. Expected – an attack in response to a situational trigger (an obvious cue or trigger, such as previous situations where panic attacks have typically occurred).
29
what can panic attack be often combined with
Agoraphobia
30
what is agoraphobia
cluster of fears centering on public places and being unable to escape or find help should one become incapacitated
31
what diagnostic is requiring of Agoraphobia with anxiety
at least one of two
1. public transportation
2. open spaces
3. enclosed spaces
4. Lines/crowds
5. being out of the house alone
32
what is fear-of-fear hypothesis
psychological theory of panic disorder. Suggests that agoraphobia is not a fear of public places per se, but a fear of having a panic attack in public
33
what is Misinterpretation of physiological arousal symptoms
psychological theory of panic disorder. Suggests that people who have autonomic nervous system that is predisposed to be overly active is coupled with a psychological tendency to become very upset by these sensations
34
what is generalized anxiety disorder
1. excessive anxiety and worry, occurring more days than not for 6 months
2. individual finds difficult to control worry
35
what is required in children to have generalized anxiety disorder
only one is required.
1. restlessness or feeling on edge
2. easily fatigued
3. difficult concentrating, mind blank
4. irritability
5. sleep disturbance
36
when could GAD typically begin
mid-teens
37
what are Two factor model of approach-avoidance in GAD
1. Intolerance of uncertainty
2. Fear of anxiety
38
what are depressive disorders often associated with
1. Panic attacks
2. Substance abuse
3. Sexual dysfunction
4. Personality disorders
39
what is bipolar I
Historically called manic-depressive disorder. presence of at least 1 manic episode is required for diagnosis. Have to have experienced mania
40
what is bipolar II
1 hypomanic episode, and at least 1 major depressive episode is required for diagnosis. Do not have mania, either hypomania or depressive episode
41
what is mania
An emotional state or mood of intense but unfounded elation accompanied by irritability, hyperactivity, talkativeness. Noticed by others due to loud and incessant remarks, sometimes full of puns, jokes
42
what is emotion regulation
Use of healthy strategies to adapt to the demands of environment
43
what is emotion dysregulation
Inability to regularly use healthy strategies to diffuse or moderate negative emotions. One path to addiction is through emotion dysregulation, people use substance to cope with their emotions.
44
DERS what is Non-acceptance of negative emotional responses
When I am upset, I feel ashamed with myself for feeling that way. Bad, feeling shamed
45
DERS what is Difficulty engaging in goal-directed behaviour
When I am upset, I have difficulty getting work done. Can't study
46
DERS what is Limited access to emotion regulation strategies
When I am upset, I believe that there is nothing I can do to make myself feel better. No outlets to diffuse emotion
47
DERS what is Impulse control difficulties
When I am upset, I become out of control
Urgency, negative and positive urgency. When you are upset you are out of control and when of control you might do things later regret
48
DERS what is Lack of emotional awareness
When I’m upset, I acknowledge my emotions (reversed)
49
DERS what is Lack of emotional clarity
I have difficulty making sense out of my feelings
50
what is Impulsivity?
behaviour without adequate thought, tendency to act with less forethought than do most individuals of equal ability and knowledge, or a predisposition toward unplanned reactions to internal or external stimuli without regard to negative consequences of reactions
51
what is factor model of impulsivity
1. Lack of premeditation (thinking care and purposeful)
2. Lack of perseverance (like see things to end)
3. Sensation seeking (enjoy risks(
4. Urgency (feel bad do thing regret later to feel good moment)
52
what is adhd
persistent pattern of inattention or hyperactivity-impulstivity that interferes with functioning or development
53
what is the term SU mean
illicit drugs (hallucinogens, meth/amphetamines, ecstasy/MDMA, cocaine), tobacco, and cannabis, as well as non-medical use of prescription drugs (ADHD medications and sedatives)
54
what is perfectionism
overreaching desire to meet high standards and self-criticism in response to failing to meet those standards
55
what is Self-oriented perfectionism
demand nothing less than perfection of myself
56
what is Other-oriented perfectionism
ask someone to do something, I expect it to be done flawlessly
57
what is Socially prescribed perfectionism
People expect nothing less than perfection from me
58
what is Clinical Perfectionism
Overvaluing the importance of striving to meet standards and reacting to perceived failure to meet standards with self-criticism
59
What is integrated treatment for addiction?
Integrated treatment is a holistic approach that addresses both mental health and substance use issues at the same time, rather than treating them separately
60
How does stigma affect individuals with addiction
their recovery process, emphasizing the importance of supportive and non-judgmental care
61
Why is cultural competence important in addiction treatment
Cultural competence ensures treatment plans are sensitive to the individual's cultural background, improving engagement and effectiveness
62
How is depression related to addiction
Depression has a high co-occurrence with substance use disorders, often leading individuals to use substances as a form of self-medication
63
What is the relationship between anxiety disorders and addiction
Anxiety disorders often co-exist with addiction, creating a cycle where substances are used to relieve anxiety symptoms, exacerbating both conditions
64
How does PTSD relate to substance use disorders
Individuals with PTSD may use substances as a coping mechanism to deal with trauma-related symptoms, leading to a higher risk of addiction
65
What role does impulsivity play in addiction
Impulsivity is a significant predictor for the development of substance use disorders, characterized by rapid, unplanned reactions to stimuli without regard to the negative consequences
66
Does polygenic risk for substance-related traits predict ages of onset and progression of symptoms
Genetic link to transition points (e.g., age of first regular use) and symptom progression in tx-seeking population including people of European and African ancestry
67
what are the four transition points
1. Age of first substance use
2. regular use
3. reporting problems to healthcare professional
4. DSM-IV substance dependence Dx
68
what experiment was done with an animal to understand what in the brain?
Experiment with rats, to understand reward centre in the brain, Rate of reinforcement.
69
what is the dopamine theory
Drugs affect dopamine levels in the brain directly or indirectly.
70
addiction is thought to be result of repeated what?
repeated stimulation of the mesolimbic system, which triggers reorganization in the brain’s neurocircuitry. could mediate positive reinforcement, motivation, craving and relapse for the drug
71
what is Neuroplasticity
brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections throughout life
72
what is Neuroadaptation
process whereby the body compensates for the presence of a chemical in the body so that it can continue to function normally. people who abuse substances (e.g., cocaine), neuroadaptation leads to tolerance and dependence on a substance
73
what is the insula
involved in a network of brain regions that represent bodily states associated with emotions and decision making
74
what cue can activate with the insula
Drug seeking cues activate the insula. activity in the insula is linked with self-reported craving
75
What role do genetics play in substance use disorders (SUDs)?
Genetics account for about 50% of the risk for SUDs, with efforts focused on identifying specific genetic variants contributing to addiction.
76
What is the goal of molecular genetics in the context of SUDs?
To identify genetic variants that increase the risk for SUDs through genome-wide association studies, assessing polygenic risk.
77
How does the neurobiology of reward relate to addiction?
The dopaminergic system plays a critical role, with drugs like cocaine and amphetamines increasing dopamine levels, highlighting the brain's reward pathways in addiction.
78
How do adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) affect addiction risk?
ACEs can alter the development of the dopamine system, increasing vulnerability to addiction by affecting the brain's response to rewards
79
Why is the developing brain at increased risk for SUDs?
Adolescence is a critical period where imbalances between cognitive control and sensitivity to rewards make the developing brain more susceptible to addiction
80
What is polygenic risk in the context of addiction?
Polygenic risk refers to the cumulative effect of many small genetic variations in the genome, each contributing to the overall risk of developing substance use disorders
81
How do cocaine and amphetamines affect dopamine levels in the brain
Cocaine and amphetamines increase dopamine levels by blocking the reuptake of dopamine, enhancing feelings of pleasure and reinforcing substance use
82
Why are adolescents particularly vulnerable to substance use disorders
Adolescents experience an imbalance between developing cognitive control systems and heightened sensitivity to rewards, making them more susceptible to risk-taking behaviors, including substance use
83
What is the difference between substance abuse and dependence?
Substance abuse involves harmful use of substances leading to significant impairment or distress. Dependence includes tolerance to and withdrawal from the substance, indicating a physical or psychological need
84
What role do endogenous opioid peptide systems play in addiction
These systems modulate pain, reward, and addictive behaviors. Dysregulation contributes to addiction by enhancing the rewarding effects of drugs
85
What is the concept of food addiction and how is it measured
Food addiction is conceptualized similarly to substance use disorders, focusing on compulsive consumption of palatable foods. It's measured using the Yale Food Addiction Scale, applying DSM-5 criteria for addiction
86
How does food addiction compare to substance use disorders
Both food addiction and substance use disorders involve compulsive behaviors and an inability to control consumption, despite negative consequences, but food addiction specifically relates to high-fat, high-sugar foods
87
How does anorexia nervosa relate to food addiction
Anorexia nervosa is characterized by restrictive eating and an intense fear of gaining weight, differing from food addiction's compulsive consumption pattern, but both may involve obsessive focus on food and body image
88
What are the similarities between bulimia nervosa and food addiction
Both involve episodes of loss of control over eating. However, bulimia includes compensatory behaviors like vomiting, unlike food addiction, which focuses on the addictive qualities of certain foods
89
How does binge-eating disorder compare to food addiction
Binge-eating disorder and food addiction share similarities in binge episodes on high-palatability foods without compensatory behaviors, but binge-eating disorder is a clinically diagnosed condition
90
What are key aspects of opioid addiction discussed in the lecture
The lecture covers opioid addiction's history, legal status, and its impact on the neurobiology of the brain, highlighting its role in the broader spectrum of substance use disorders
91
What are the main points about cannabis use and addiction
The lecture addresses cannabis's legal status, patterns of use, addiction criteria based on DSM-5, and the controversy surrounding its classification and potential for addiction
92
What is the Yale Food Addiction Scale's purpose
assesses behaviors and symptoms indicative of addiction towards palatable foods, using criteria aligned with DSM-5 substance use disorder diagnostics
93
What characterizes the cycle of bulimia nervosa
Bulimia nervosa is marked by cycles of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors, such as self-induced vomiting, to prevent weight gain
94
What are common themes between eating disorders and food addiction
Both involve unhealthy relationships with food, including compulsive behaviors and psychological distress related to eating, weight, and body image, though their specific manifestations and treatments may differ
95
Why is opioid addiction considered chronic and relapsing
Opioid addiction is a long-term condition with a high risk of relapse due to persistent brain changes, requiring ongoing management and support
96
What are the two types of stigma associated with addiction
Public stigma refers to societal stereotypes about addiction, while self-stigma involves the internalization of these stereotypes by individuals with addiction
97
How is addiction defined
Addiction is characterized by a loss of control, compulsive engagement in harmful behaviors, dependence, and can extend to both substances and behaviors
98
What does the addiction continuum concept entail
The addiction continuum challenges binary views of addiction, presenting it as a spectrum ranging from experimental use to compulsive behaviors
99
How did the DSM criteria for Substance Use Disorders change from DSM-IV to DSM-5
DSM-5 merged substance abuse and dependence into a single category of Substance Use Disorders with criteria that apply across different substances
100
Which behavioral addiction is recognized in DSM-5
DSM-5 recognizes gambling disorder as a behavioral addiction, marking a significant shift in understanding addiction beyond substance use
101
What are the key components of Griffiths' model of addiction
Griffiths' model includes salience, mood modification, tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, conflict, and relapse as components of addiction
102
What does the biopsychosocial model of addiction encompass
The biopsychosocial model integrates biological, psychological, and social dimensions of addiction, highlighting its complexity and the importance of a comprehensive approach to treatment
103
What psychological factors are considered in the biopsychosocial model of addiction
Psychological factors encompass mental health conditions, personality traits, stress, coping mechanisms, and emotional responses that influence addiction vulnerability and recovery processes
104
How do social factors influence addiction according to the biopsychosocial model
Social factors include family dynamics, peer influences, cultural norms, socioeconomic status, and access to healthcare, all of which impact an individual’s drug use patterns and recovery journey
105
What is the significance of cultural and spiritual dimensions in the biopsychosocial model of addiction
Cultural beliefs and spiritual practices play a crucial role in shaping attitudes towards addiction, influencing both the stigma associated with substance use and the pathways towards recovery
106
How does spirituality contribute to addiction treatment in the biopsychosocial model
Spirituality can offer a sense of purpose and support in recovery, highlighting the need for treatment plans to address spiritual needs alongside biological, psychological, and social factors
107
What does DERS stand for
Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale
