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EOSC 475 > MIDTERM 1 > Flashcards

MIDTERM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

chlorophyll

A

pigment that plays a key role in photosynthesis

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2
Q

Why does distribution of surface [chl] vary seasonally?

A

1) sunlight: longer daylight hours and more intense sunlight means higher chl production in surface waters
2) temperature: warmer temperatures generally promote faster growth rates for phytoplankton
3) nutrient availability

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3
Q

What units are used to express [chl] and what is the typical range?

A

Units: mg/m^3 or micrograms / L
Typical range: 0.05 - 50 mg/m^3

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4
Q

What is the range of annual oceanic primary productivity?

A

less than 10 gC m-2 y-1 to over 300 gC m-2 y-1

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5
Q

How does productivity vary and why is it distributed that way?

A

Western sides of continents are often more productive due to upwelling (wind patterns and ocean currents bringing nutrient-rich waters from the deep ocean to the surface_ as well as coastal currents (currents transporting nutrients from offshore regions to coastal areas). The middle of gyres is often low productivity due to nutrient depletion.

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6
Q

cold-core ring

A

forms when a meander in an ocean current or frontal zone pinches off, creating a closed circulation pattern – cooler nutrient rich water from deeper ocean layers becomes isolated within the closed circulation of the ring. Rotate counterclockwise (Gulf Stream)

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7
Q

warm-core ring

A

rotating warm masses of water surrounded by colder water – rotate clockwise (Sargasso sea)

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8
Q

upwelling

A

near the equator, water is deflected polewards causing water to be upwelled. on the western shores of continents, strong winds and the movement of the water towards the equator caused water to be upwelled.

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9
Q

How do we make ocean measurements (profile)

A

Using a rosette with Niskin bottles and a CTD for measuring Conductivity, Temperature, and Depth (pressure)

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10
Q

The maximum depth of light penetration shifts from …

A

blue to yellow as light penetration decreases.

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11
Q

critical depth model

A

a simple but powerful model for predicting the timing of the spring bloom in the North Atlantic. It is the depth at which the integrated amount of C fixed and C respired are equal for the water column, meaning there is no increase of biomass

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12
Q

Rober Koch (1881)

A
  • cultured bacteria on gelatine
  • known for Koch’s postulates
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13
Q

Certes (1884)

A
  • cultivated aerobic bacteria from 5100 m sediments
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14
Q

Russell (1893)

A
  • quantified bacteria in the water column and sediments
  • 10s of bacteria / mL of water
  • 10^4 to 10^5 bacteria / cc of sediment
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15
Q

Fischer (1880s)

A
  • isolated bioluminescent bacteria from water and fish light organs
  • discovery of the lux system
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16
Q

Claude Zobell (1930s-60s)

A
  • distribution and physiology
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17
Q

Holger Jannasch (1950s-80s)

A
  • hydrothermal vent bacteria
18
Q

Yuri Sorokin

A
  • bacterial ecology
19
Q

List the three major advances that changed the paradigm of marine microbes

A

1) high respiration in the <1 micrometre size fraction (Pomeroy / leB Williams)
2) EFM estimates of abundance (Hobbie / Porter)
3) radio-isotopic methods to estimate growth rates (Fuhrman & Azam)

20
Q

What are marine microbes?

A
  • prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea)
  • cyanobacteria (synechococcous, prochlorococcous, anabaena, trichodesmium)
  • picoeukaryotes (phagotrophic protists, micromonas pusilla)
  • viruses (bacteriophages, phycoviruses)
21
Q

What is the size range of marine microbes

A

approx. 20 nm to 20 micrometres.

22
Q

Plate counts

A
  • suggested bacteria were not very abundant
  • typically find 1-100 colony forming units / mL in offshore data
  • typically find 100-10,000 CFUs / mL near shore
23
Q

Light microscopy

A
  • suggested higher abundance, but difficult to determine what are bacteria vs. other particles
24
Q

Epifluorescence microscopy (EFM)

A

type of microscopy in which a sample that is stained with a fluorescent dye is exposed to light projected through the
objective lens that excites the dye, and the fluorescence is observed through the ocular lenses of the microscope

25
Q

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

A
  • uses a beam of electrons instead of visible light. The electrons that pass through the specimen are collected by a detector on the opposite side. The signal from these electrons is then converted into an image.
26
Q

Flow cytometry

A
  • involves suspending particles / cells in a fluid and passing them through a laser beam in a single file. The laser excites fluorescent molecules within the cells, causing them to emit light, which is then detected by photodetectors. Based on the scattered light and fluorescence signals, the instrument analyzes and quantifies various characteristics of the cells and particles, providing insight on their size / complexity.
27
Q

how many bacteria do you expect to find / mL in an oligotrophic area?

A

approx. mid * 10^5 cell / mL

28
Q

how many bacteria do you expect to find / mL in a productive coastal area?

A

approx. mid * 10^6 cell / mL

29
Q

phycoerythrin

A

photosynthetic pigment found in some cyanobacteria - found in clear, oligotrophic waters

30
Q

phycocyanin

A

photosynthetic pigment found in some cyanobacteria - found in more turbid waters

30
Q

thymadine

A

a molecule that is found in DNA or a molecule that is a precursor to DNA synthesis

31
Q

DFAA

A

dissolved free amino acid

31
Q

DAPI

A

stain that binds to DNA and fluoresces when exposed to UV

31
Q

mixed layer

A

The surface area of the ocean above the pycnocline that is of equal density (e.g. isothermal and isohaline), so that density does not interfere with mixing

32
Q

carbon gross growth efficiency

A

The amount of carbon incorporated into biomass relative to the amount of carbon that is taken up

33
Q

BATS

A

Bermuda Atlantic Time-Series Study: a location in the Atlantic Ocean near Bermuda which is regularly sampled to collect biological and oceanographic data.

34
Q

AODC

A

acridine orange direct counts: EFM counts of bacteria is stained with acridine orange

35
Q

thymidine conversion factor

A

The number of bacteria produced per mole of thymidine consumed; a conversion factor used to estimate growth rate from the amount of radioisotope incorporated into bacteria

36
Q

side scatter

A

In a flow cytometer, side scatter is the light that is scattered to the side when the object is struck by a laser. Typically related to cellular granularity or complexity.

37
Q

forward scatter

A

In a flow cytometer, forward scatter is the light that is scattered forward when the object is struck by the laser. Typically related to cell size.

38
Q

nitrogen regeneration efficiency

A

the % (proportion) of inorganic N released, relative to the amount of organic N taken up

EOSC 475 (4 decks)

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