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Bio 232 > Midterm #1 > Flashcards

Midterm #1 Flashcards

1
Q

where is DNA located within a prokaryotic cell

A

located within the nucleoid

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2
Q

how large are prokaryotic ribosomes and how large are the subunits

A

P ribosomes are are 70s and composed of 30s subunit and 50s subunit

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3
Q

in eukaryotic cells what is the site of rRNA synthesis and pre ribosomal assembly

A

the nucleolus

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4
Q

how large are ribosomes in eukaryotic cells and how large are the subunits

A

E ribosomes are 80s and composed of a 40s subunit and 60s subunit

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5
Q

what kind of proteins do free ribosomes produce

A

water soluble proteins

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6
Q

what kind of proteins do membrane ribosomes produce

A

they make proteins that are inserted into the cell membrane or exported from the cell

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7
Q

what is the function of the SER

A

-production of lipids
-carb metabolism
-removes toxic compounds from the cell

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8
Q

What is the function of the RER

A

transports proteins to
-the golgi apparatus
-directly to the plasma membrane
-other organelles
-outside the cell

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9
Q

what are the three components of the cytoskeleton

A

-Microfilaments
-intermediate filaments
-Microtubules

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10
Q

what is the nuclear lamina composed of

A

composed of intermediate filaments

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11
Q

what are desmosomes composed of

A

intermediate filaments

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12
Q

what are flagella and cilia composed of

A

microtubules

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13
Q

what shape is a coccus

A

round ball

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14
Q

what shape is a bacillus

A

A rod

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15
Q

What shape is a Vibrio

A

curved rod

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16
Q

what shape is a coccobacillus

A

a squished rod

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17
Q

what shape is a spirilla

A

spiral

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18
Q

what shape is a spirochete

A

a longer looser spiral

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19
Q

what does the prefix Strepto- mean?

A

strepto is a chain of cells (remember Srepto sounds like street which is a straight like a chain)

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20
Q

what does the prefix staphylo- mean

A

a cluster of cells (remember staphylo- sounds like staff so think of a staff huddle like a cluster)

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21
Q

What is a cell capsule

A

an extra envelope that that wraps around the cell that can make the cell harder to kill and adhere better which increases its pathogenicity

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22
Q

what is an outer membrane

A

a second lipid bilayer that is found on the outside of gram negative bacteria that has LPS attached to it

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23
Q

what kind of cell contains a thick layer of peptidoglycan

A

Gram positive

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24
Q

what kind of cell has a thinner layer of peptidoglycan

A

gram negative bacteria

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25
Q

what color are gram negative cells after a test

A

gram negative cells appear pink

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26
Q

what color are gram positive cells after a test

A

they appear purple

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27
Q

what are 2 important characteristics of gram positive cells

A

-Thick peptidoglycan layer
-the pep layer is embedded with teichoic acids

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28
Q

What are three important characteristics of gram negative cells

A

-thinner layer of peptidoglycan
-gram negative cells have an outer membrane (which is why they stain pink instead of purple)
-the outer membrane contains LPS (the endotoxin)

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29
Q

what is the process called in which a vegetative cell transforms into an endospore

A

sporulation

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30
Q

what is a plasmid

A

DNA that is not part of the chromosomes in a prokaryotic cell that often carry advantageous genes like antibiotic resistance

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31
Q

where are prokaryotic ribosomes located within the cell

A

they are only found in the cytoplasm

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32
Q

what is the difference between fimbriae and pili

A

fimbriae are more numerous and shorter than pili

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33
Q

what is the purpose of fimbriae and pili

A

they make it easier for cells to attach to other cells and surfaces

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34
Q

what is the purpose of flagella

A

they help cells move in aqueous environments

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35
Q

what are the three components of a flagella

A

Basal body
Hook
Filament

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36
Q

what way do flagella spin to move the cell in a specific direction

A

if the flagella rotate counter clockwise the cell will move in a specific direction

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37
Q

what happens if flagella spin in a clockwise direction

A

the cell will just tumble in one spot

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38
Q

what is amensalism

A

when one participant is harmed and one participant is unaffected (think of a cow grazing on grass and is accidently stepping on insects cow is unaffected insects die)

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39
Q

what is commensalism

A

when one participant is benefited and the other is unaffected (think of a bird making a nest in a tree tee doesn’t care and bird is beniffited)

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40
Q

what is the definition of an infection

A

when a microorganism enters a host and begins to multiply

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41
Q

what is the definition of a disease

A

when a part of the host loses it’s normal function or structure

42
Q

what are signs of a disease

A

objective and measurable qualities of a disease

43
Q

what are symptoms of a disease

A

subjective conditions of a disease that a patient reports

44
Q

What is the incubation period of a disease

A

the pathogen has entered the host and begins to multiply but no signs and symptoms are present yet

45
Q

what is the prodromal stage of a disease

A

the pathogen has multiplied enough that the host begins to experience general signs and symptoms

46
Q

What is the period of illness during a disease

A

specific signs and symptoms are present

47
Q

What is the period of decline during a disease

A

the number of pathogen cells begin to decrease and the signs and symptoms decline

48
Q

what is the convalescence period of disease

A

the host returns to normal function

49
Q

what is pathogenicity

A

the ability of a pathogen to cause disease (it is either yes or no either it can cause disease or it can not)

50
Q

what is virulence

A

a sliding scale of how bad the disease is if you were to contract it

51
Q

what is vehicle transmission of a pathogen

A

when a common resource that many people access such as water or food is contaminated with a pathogen and then spreads

52
Q

What is fomite transmission

A

when a single inanimate object is contaminated with a pathogen and only a small amount of people have access to that inanimate object

53
Q

what is a passive carrier

A

contaminated with the pathogen and mechanically spread it but they are not actually infected

54
Q

what is an active carrier

A

someone that is actively infected with a pathogen and spreads it (the may or may not have signs and symptoms)

55
Q

are staphylococci gram positive or gram negative

A

they are gram positive Cocci

56
Q

what is a virion

A

when a virus is outside a host cell and surrounded by a capsule which allows it to travel from one host to another

57
Q

what shape is the top virus

A

icosahedral

58
Q

what shape is the middle virus

A

Helical

59
Q

what shape is the bottom virus

A

complex

60
Q

can you have a virus with DNA and RNA

A

NO has to be one or the other

61
Q

what structure surrounds the nucleic acid in a virus

A

the Capsid

62
Q

what is capsid composed of

A

made of protein subunits called capsomeres

63
Q

what is the difference between a naked virus and an enveloped virus

A

enveloped viruses are surrounded by a capsid and a lipid layer while naked viruses are only surrounded by capsid

64
Q

what are viral spikes and what do they do

A

glycoprotein extensions on a virus that make it easier for a virus to enter a cell and also make it easier for a virus to detach from a cell during the release of new virions

65
Q

what are the different stages of acellular host infection

A

Attachment
Penetration
uncoating
biosynthesis
maturation
release

66
Q

what is the penetration phase of acellular host infection

A

when the viral genome is injected into the cell

67
Q

what is the uncoating phase of acellular host infection

A

when the capsid is removed from the viral genome within the host cell

68
Q

what is the maturation phase of acellular host infection

A

when new virions start to be manufactured within the host cell

69
Q

what does it mean if virus RNA is positive sense

A

means that the RNA can be translated immediately by host cell ribosomes

70
Q

What does it mean if virus RNA is negative sense

A

means it first has to be converted by RNA-dependant RNA polymerase before it can be translated by host ribosomes

71
Q

what is different about a retrovirus and a normal virus

A

a normal virus turns RNA into proteins but a retrovirus turns RNA into DNA and then that new viral DNA is inserted into the host DNA

72
Q

what does acid fast staining let you differentiate in bacterial cells

A

lets you differentiate between gram positive cells that have a waxy coating of mycolic acid and those that do not

73
Q

What is a superinfection

A

a secondary infection that develops from a patient taking antibacterials that reduces the normal flora and allows another pathogen to replicate

74
Q

what is descriptive epidemiology

A

describes the occurrence of disease within a population

75
Q

What is analytical epidemiology

A

aims to gain knowledge on the quality and the amount of influence that different factors have on the occurrence of disease

76
Q

what bacterial genus is commonly associated with opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients in a health care setting

A

pseudomonas and staphylococcus

77
Q

Where does replication of ssRNA viruses take place

A

Within the host cell cytoplasm

78
Q

what is antigenic drift

A

minor shifts/changes in glycoproteins due to point mutations

79
Q

what is antigenic shift

A

when major changes occur in virus glycoproteins due to genetic mixing with another virus

80
Q

what does coagulase do

A

causes fibrin deposition which interferes with phagocytosis and increases pathogen’s ability to invade tissue

81
Q

what would you see in a coagulase positive test

A

you would see clot formation because of the fibrin

82
Q

what does obligate intracellular parasite mean

A

means that it needs a host in order to survive and reproduce

83
Q

what is the lysogenic cycle

A

when the infection cycle leads to the integration of virus genome into the host genome

84
Q

what is the lytic cycle

A

when the infection cycle leads to the death of the host cell

85
Q

what is a prophage

A

when the virus genetic material is integrated into the host cell

86
Q

what is a lysogen

A

what the cell is called when it is carrying the virus DNA

87
Q

what are the two cycles that bacteriophages can have

A

lytic
lysogenic

88
Q

what is tissue tropism

A

the ability of a pathogen to infect a specific type of tissue

89
Q

what is different about the way a bacteriophage and an animal virus get their genome into a host cell

A

bacteriophages inject their DNA and animal viruses get in by endocytosis or membrane fusion

90
Q

what is morbidity

A

how many people are in a state of illness

91
Q

what is mortality

A

how many people have died in a population

92
Q

what is the incidence of disease

A

the number of new cases over a specific time period

93
Q

what is the prevalence of a disease

A

the number of individuals who have a disease at a particular point in time

94
Q

what is a sporadic disease

A

one that occurs rarely and without geographic focus

95
Q

what is an endemic disease

A

occurs at a constant low level within a population

96
Q

what is an epidemic

A

local outbreak of a disease

97
Q

what is a pandemic

A

a global outbreak of a disease

98
Q

what does glycohydrolase do

A

degrades hyaluronic acid that cements cells together to promotes spread through tissue

99
Q

how does nuclease help the spread of a pathogen

A

degrades DNA that usually traps bacteria so it promotes spread

100
Q

what does proteases do

A

degrades collagen to promote spread of bacteria through tissue

101
Q

is LPS a endo or exo toxin

A

it is an endotoxin

102
Q
A

Bio 232 (2 decks)

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