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BIOL 371 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Coronal suture

A

Stitches the frontal and parietal skull bones

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2
Q

Squamous suture

A

Stitches the temporal and parietal skull bones

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3
Q

Sagittal suture

A

Stitches the two parietal bones

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4
Q

Lambdoid suture

A

Stitches the parietal and occipital skull bones

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5
Q

Dura mater

A

Outer most layer of meninges

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6
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

Thin transparent membrane below dura mater

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7
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

Where CSF resides

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8
Q

Pia mater

A

Inner most layer of the meninges (wraps the brain and spinal cord)

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9
Q

Functions of CSF

A

1) Impact absorption
2) Osmotic homeostasis
3) Waste disposal
4) Neutrophic factor secretion

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10
Q

Glymphatic system

A

Regulates/permits the circulation of CSF through the brain tissue (movement based on blood vessel pressure and rate of flow modified by glial cells)

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11
Q

Factors affecting CSF production

A
  • CSF production increased during anesthetic-induced sleep
  • CSF production reduced in Alzheimers
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12
Q

Why is the retina considered part of the CNS?

A
  • The RGCs are CNS neurons; they cannot regenerate
  • RGCs myelinated by oligodendrocytes
  • Astrocytes and microglia are found in the retina
  • Aqueous humor is similar to CSF
  • Retina and optic nerve extend from the brain during development
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13
Q

Advantages of chemical synapses

A
  • Amplification of signals
  • Modification of the transfer function (neuroplasticity)
  • Signal inversion
  • Signal termination
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14
Q

Ependymal cells

A
  • Present in CNS ventricles (and more)
  • Secrete fluid that becomes CSF (regulate CSF)
  • Facilitate peptide hormone transport
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15
Q

Myelin

A

Electrical insulation that also supplies axons with structure, nutrients, and neurotrophic factors

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16
Q

Schwann cells

A

Can myelinate only one axon in the PNS (can guide regeneration)

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17
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Can myelinate multiple axons in the CNS

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18
Q

Microglia

A
  • Specialized macrophage descendants that enter the CNS
  • Survey the CNS
  • Mediate inflammation
  • Phagocytose
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19
Q

Microglia dichotomy

A

M1: causes inflammation and neurodegeneration

M2: suppresses inflammation and promotes neural repair

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20
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • Most populous glial cell in CNS
  • Modulate neurotransmission
  • Regulate BV diameter and maintain the BBB and BRB
  • Neuron growth and connectivity
  • CSF flow rate
  • Barrier formation around injuries
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21
Q

Astrocytes CNS

A

Get activated to form a barrier to protect CNS neurons (side effect of preventing regeneration)

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22
Q

Astrocyte dichotomy

A

A1: causes inflammation and neurodegeneration

A2: suppresses inflammation and promotes neural repair

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23
Q

Pupillary reflex

A

1) Photoreceptors (rods + cones) = Afferent/sensory neurons that convert light into electrical signals

2) RGCs relay visual information to the midbrain via optic nerve

3) Ciliary ganglion neurons = Effector neurons that synapse with ciliary muscles and adjust pupil size

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24
Q

Patellar reflex

A

1) Striking patellar ligament stretches spindle and activates sensory neuron

2) Sensory neuron relays information down axon to its axon terminal which inerrvates a motor neuron at the spinal cord

3) Motor neuron stimulates (releases Ach) muscle to contract

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25
Q

Dorsal Root Ganglion (DRG)

A
  • Sensory neuron
  • Generally considered PNS
  • Located outside the CNS
  • Psuedo-unipolar (axon splits into 2 branches)
  • Stomata located outside the CNS
  • Axon enters spinal cord into dorsal grey matter
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26
Q

Motor neurons

A
  • Multipolar (one axon, many dendrites)
  • Stomata and dendrites located in ventral grey matter
  • Axon leaves spinal cord via ventral root and innervates skeletal muscle cells
27
Q

Localization of function: Dorsal horn

A

Interneurons processing sensory info

28
Q

Localization of function: Ventral horn

A

Somatic motor neuron somata

29
Q

Function-o-topy

A

Correlation between a region of the nervous system and its function

30
Q

Somatotopy

A

Correlation between neuron cell body position and position of the target organ (body part)

31
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A
  • Component of the PNS that innervates visceral organs
  • Preganglionic neurons (visceral motor neurons) located in spinal cord (CNS) innervate postganglionic neurons (PNS) that control visceral organs
  • Split into parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions (antagonistic)
32
Q

Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons neurotransmitter

A

Acetylcholine

33
Q

Sympathetic postganglionic neurons neurotransmitter

A

Norepinephrine/noradrenaline

34
Q

Enteric nervous system

A
  • Largely independent of the CNS
  • Innervated by peripheral nerve fibers but has its own autonomous, involuntary control
  • Connected to the brain via the vagus nerve (gut-brain axis)
35
Q

Gut-brain microbiota axis

A
  • Role in depression
  • Based on lifestyle, stress, infection, antibiotics, diet, etc.
36
Q

Transmembrane potential (Vm)

A

A voltage difference across the cell membrane

37
Q

Why do cells have a transmembrane potential?

A
  • Extracellular and intracellular separated by a membrane (ions cannot permeate)
  • Specialized transmembrane proteins facilitate ion movement
38
Q

Biophysical mechanisms that create electrical membrane potential (neuron properties)

A

1) Unequal distribution of ion species (concentration differences)

2) Selective permeability

39
Q

Biophysical mechanisms that create electrical membrane potential (ion properties)

A

1) Concentration (diffusive forces)
2) Charge (attraction and repulsion)

40
Q

Equilibrium potential (Eion)

A

The potential at which the diffusive force (concentration) and electromotive force (electrical gradient) are in equilibrium –> no net ion movement

41
Q

Ek+

A

-76mV

42
Q

ENa+

A

+54mV

43
Q

Neuronal communication analogy

A

Ears (dendrites) receive words (neurotransmitters) which can be translated into thoughts (graded potentials –> action potentials)

The vocal cords (axon hillock) allow air to flow through and up the throat (axon) and out the mouth (synaptic terminal) as words (neurotransmitters)

44
Q

Reversal potential

A

The membrane potential at which the direction of ionic current reverses (at reversal potential no net flow of ions) (applies to all permeable ions)

45
Q

Transmembrane current

A

Due to movement of ions through ion channels

46
Q

Leak current

A

Moves charge back to the extracellular fluid

47
Q

Electrotonic current

A

Spreads by charge displacement through the cytoplasm

48
Q

Membrane resistance

A

The resistance of the membrane and the small amount of current flow that leaks

49
Q

External resistance

A

Extracellular fluid provides very small resistance to the flow of electronic current

50
Q

Internal resistance

A

Resistance from cytoplasm that impedes the flow of electronic current

51
Q

Space constant

A

A constant describing how steeply the potential is falling off from the source of the original transmembrane current

lambda = sqrt(Rm/Ri)

52
Q

Properties affecting Rm and Ri

A

1) Membrane permeability - more open conductances (low permeability = high Rm)

2) Diameter - Affects resistivity (high diameter = low Rm and exponentially lower Ri)

53
Q

Action potentials

A
  • All or none
  • Can vary in frequency but not magnitude
  • Relatively high amplitude (+40mV) and brief duration
  • Crossing threshold triggers an acceleration of depolarization on the membrane potential
  • Depolarization -> repolarization -> hyperpolarization
54
Q

Inward current

A

Flow of net positive charge into the cell

55
Q

Tetrodotoxin (TTX)

A

Eliminates APs by blocking the early current (Na+ current) leaving only the late current (K+ current)

56
Q

Tetraethylammonium (TEA)

A

Disrupts APs by blocking the late current (K+ current) leaving only the early current (Na+ current)

57
Q

Gates at rest

A

m gate: closed
h gate: open

n gate: closed

58
Q

Gates during depolarization

A

m gate: fully open
h gate: fully open

n gate: gradually opening

59
Q

Gates at peak of depolarization (+40mV)

A

m gate: fully open
h gate: closes

n gate: fully open

60
Q

Gates during repolarization

A

m gate: closing
h gate: closed

n gate: fully open

61
Q

Gates at end of repolarization/hyperpolarization

A

m gate: closed
h gate: open

n gate: gradually closing

62
Q

Factors that affect AP conduction speed

A
  • Temperature
  • Diameter
  • Myelination
63
Q

Biophysical properties that determine the speed of traveling graded potentials

A
  • Membrane resistance
  • Internal resistance
  • Distance
  • Diameter
  • Myelination
  • Temperature

BIOL 371 (2 decks)

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