midterm 1 Flashcards
jawless fish are called
agnathans
cartilaginous fish are called
chondrichthyes
bony fish are called
osteoichthyes
fish taxonomy is based on:
- anatomical characteristics
- meristic characters
- morphometrics
- differences in DNA
- behaviour/physiology
mouth positioned on bottom of head
inferior
mouth positioned around chin
subterminal
mouth positioned at front of head
terminal
mouth positioned above head
superior
upper and lower portions of tail ~same size
homocercal
homocercal tail without defined lobes
isocercal
one lobe longer than the other lobe
heterocercal
tail looks homocercal but vertebrae are heterocercal
abbreviate heterocercal
segmented, branched rays
soft rays
undivided, solid rays
spinous rays
thick bony plates that occur in one to a few rows and cover a limited amount of the body ex. sturgeon
scutes
consists of a basal plate buried in the dermis and a raised spiny process. comprised of bone, similar to a tooth, outer layer of enamel ex. sharks
placoid
thick rhomboid shaped bony scales like a suit of armour. enamel composed of ganoine ex. gar
ganoid
round flat and thin scales found on bony fish ex. trout, minnows, herring
cycloid
similar to cycloid but with comb-like projections (ctenii) on posterior (exposed) part of the scale. found in spiny-finned teleosts
ctenoid
what are ptergiophores
bone structure that supports and articulates unpaired fin rays
what are the pelvic and pectoral girdle
bone structures that support paired fins
all fish are in phylum:
chordata
all fish are in subphylum:
craniata
hagfish are in infraphylum, class, and order:
myxinomorphi, myxini, myxiniformes
lamprey are in infraphylum, superclass, class, order:
vertebrata, petromyzontimorphi, petromyzontida, petromyzontiformes
hagfish and lamprey characteristics
- jawless
- lack paired fins
- no scales
- cartilaginous skeleton
hagfish characteristics
- no vertebrae
- burrow
- detritivore
- produce mucous
lamprey characteristics
- some parasitic
- rudimentary vertebrae
- complete braincase
- eat living organisms
- migrate from ocean to river to spawn
superclass and class of cartilaginous fish:
gnathostomata, chondrichthyes
6 unique features of chondrichthyes
- cartilaginous skeleton
- internal fertilization
- well developed electrosensory systems
- unsegmented fin rays
- teeth not embedded in jaws
- spiral valve in intestine
what does the spiral valve do
increase surface area for absorption
chimaera superorder and order
holocephalimorpha, chimaeriformes
chimaera characteristics
- long slender tail
- pointed head
- fleshy operculum covering gilles
- upper jaw fused to cranium
- no scales
shark rays and skates infraclass
elasmobranchii
elasmobranchii characteristics
- heterocercal tail
- 5-7 fill slits
- upper jaw not fused to cranium
- placoid scales
bony fish class
osteichthyes
lobe-finned fish subclass
sarcopterygii
coelacanth subclass, infraclass, and order
sarcopterygii, actinistia, coelocanthiformes
lungfish subclass, infraclass, order, 3 families
sarcopterygii, dipnomorpha, ceratodontiformes, [neoceratodontidae, lepidosirenidae, protopteridae]
australian lungfish family
neoceratodontidae
south american lungfish family
lepidosirenidae
african lungfish family
protopteridae
lungfish characteristics
- freshwater
- breathe air
- have a true lung
- live in ephemeral areas
- estivate
- drown if they can’t use lung
ray-finned fish subclass
actinopterygii
bichir and reedfish subclass, infraclass, and order
actinopterygii, cladistia, polypteriformes
bichir and reedfish characteristics
- dorsal fin a series of finlets
- pectoral fin lobate
- ganoid scales
- modified swim bladder lung
sturgeon and paddlefish subclass, infraclass, and order
actinopterygii, chondrostei, ascipenseriformes
sturgeons and paddlefish characteristics
- cartilaginous skeleton
- 5 rows of bony scutes
- heterocercal tail
- spiral valve
amia calva infraclass, division, and order
neopterygii, halecomorphi, amiiformes
amia calva characteristics
- abbreviate heterocercal
- gular plate made of bone on underside of head
gar infraclass, division, and order
neopterygii, ginglymodi, lepisosteiformes
gar characteristics
- ganoid scales
- abbreviate heterocercal tail
advanced bony fish infraclass and division
neopterygii, teleosteomorpha
improvements that contributed to telostean success
- reduction of bony elements
- dorsal fin becomes elongate and diversified
- pectoral fins move up to side of body
- pelvic fins move forward to thoracic or jugular
- increase in symmetry
- added control over gas bladder function
- more protrusible mouth
defining feature of teleosts
development of hypural and uroneural bones in the caudal fin
4 ways fish move
- passive drift
- walk or crawl
- aerial locomotion
- swimming
what is passive drift
- simplest form of movement
- mostly used by larvae and during migration
- follow current
how do fish walk or crawl?
- use pectoral and/or pelvic fins to pull themselves
- fins with strong spines
- ex. walking catfish, mudskippers
how do fish fly?
- jumping up waterfalls
- gliding/flapping flight
how do fish swim?
- sides of body and fins exert force on water through muscular contraction
- muscular contraction bends the body
what do fish have to overcome to swim?
- frictional (viscous) drag: between fish body and water
- pressure/inertial drag: pressure differences from displacement of water as fish swims
7 types of median and paired fin propulsion
- tetraodontiform
- balistiform
- diodontiform
- rajiform
- amiiform
- gymnotiform
- labriform
tetradontiform propulsion
anal and dorsal fins moved simultaneously in one direction, oscillatory
balistiform/diodontiform propulsion
use of median fins intermediate between oscillation and undulation. diodontiform also use pectoral fins
rajiform propulsion
undulation of pectoral fins
amiform propulsion
undulation of dorsal fin
gymnotiform propulsion
undulation of anal fin
labriform propulsion
oscillation of pectoral fins
5 types of body and caudal fin propulsion
- anguilliform
- subcarangiform
- carnagiform
- thunniform
- ostraciform
anguilliform propulsion
all but the head contributes to propulsion
subcarangiform propulsion
undulations restricted to posterior half of the body
carangiform propulsion
undulation restricted to posterior third of the body
thunniform propulsion
only caudal peduncle and caudal fin involved
ostraciform propulsion
all thrust from caudal fin, oscillatory propulsion
body and caudal fin propulsion is powered by what
trunk musculature
trunk musculature consists of a series of:
vertical muscle blocks called myomeres or myotomes separated by sheets of connective tissue called myosepta
general location of red muscle
along the lateral line parallel to the body’s axis
general location of white muscle
comprises most of the muscle, “bent” by as much as 45 degrees
explain length tension curve
tension increases as sarcomere length shortens until it reaches the area in the middle with no myosin heads and stays constant. after this the interference in the extremely short muscle causes filament interaction and attachment to wrong spots which causes loss of tension
explain a muscle contraction
myosin heads attach, ratchet, reattach, pulling sarcomeres together and shortening muscle
what is the functional unit of the muscle
sarcomeres
why is the trunk white muscle in a helical pattern?
bent muscles can be longer in a compact area. white muscle needs to be long so they can contract less while still generating a lot of force but stay in the peak force zone of sarcomere length curve
what powers slow swimming
red muscles - low amplitude contractions
what powers escape responses
white muscle - high amplitude
explain the length-tension curve in regards to red and white muscle
red muscle is shorter and contracts more often so it may not always be in the peak force zone but white muscle is long enough that even a full contraction leaves it still long enough to remain in the peak force zone
what are the higher performance muscle recruitment patterns
- mostly BCF propulsion done with white fibres
- sprints, escape, fast starts, burst swims, some fast steady swimming
what are lower performance muscle recruitment patterns
- mostly MPF or combo MPF/BCF propulsion
- mostly red fibres
- lowest is MPF undulatory
physical characteristics of red muscle
- slow oxidative fibres (require O2 to make ATP)
- 60-150um fibre diameter
metabolic properties of red muscle
- aerobic
- 1.9-2.5 capillaries/fibre
- 15-35% of fibre volume is mitochondria
- lipid and glycogen stores
- usually high myoglobin
electromechanical coupling of red muscle
- phasic
- multiterminal distributed innervation
- sarcoplasmic reticulum 0.1-0.6% fibre volume
- t-tubule system 3-5% fibre volume
physical characteristics of white muscle
- FG (fast glycolytic fibres)
- fatigues quickly
- up to about 300um in diametre - larger than red, more force
metabolic properties of white muscle
- anaerobic
- 0.2-0.9 capillaries/fibre
- 0.5-4% fibre volume is mitochondria
- mostly glycogen stores
- low myoglobin
electromechanical coupling of white muscle
- phasic
- focal innervation in less derived species
- polyneural innervation in more derived
- sarcoplasmic reticulum 0.3-0.9% fibre volume
- t-tubule system 5-14% fibre volume
what is the t-tubule system?
brings electric signal from surface of muscle to sarcomere
major differences between red and white muscle
- red: slower, aerobic, smaller capillaries for easier diffusion, more mitochondria, lipid and glycogen stores, high myoglobin to deliver more O2
- white: faster, anaerobic, less mitochondria leaves more space for actin and myosin = more force, glycogen stores, higher volume of sarcoplasmic reticulum and t-tubule system for faster contractions
type of innervation used in white muscle of less advanced teleosts (herring)
- focal innervation
- all or none contraction of white muscle
- only for bursts/sprints
- 1 neuron going to each muscle at the end
type of innervation used in white muscle of advanced teleost (carp)
- polyneural distributed innervation
- graded concentration of white muscle
- can support red muscle in sustained swimming
- pink muscle present
- multiple nerves innervating each muscle
what is phasic in muscles
contracting and relaxing on and off
what is tonic in muscles
maintaining force constantly
what are Beamish (1979)’s categories of swimming?
- sustained
- prolonged. subcategory: critical swimming speed
- burst swimming
sustained swimming:
- swimming speeds that can be maintained for long periods (>200min) without resulting in muscle fatigue
- ranges from 0.5 - 2 lengths/second
- slow but can go forever
prolonged swimming:
swimming speeds that can be maintained for a shorter duration (>20sec to <200min) and end in fatigue
- 2-5 lengths/second
critical swimming speed:
- Brett (1964)
- subcategory of prolonged
- maximum velocity a fish can maintain for a given period
burst swimming:
- high speeds that can only be maintained for brief periods < 20sec
- initial acceleration phase then a period of steady swimming called the sprint
- usually predator-prey interaction
- up to 20 lengths/second
how is burst swimming measured?
- laser beam detection system
- fish stimulated and swims across chamber
- s-start: straight fast start
- c-start: change in direction then speed off
how is prolonged/sustained swimming measured?
- critical swimming speed test
- speed slowly increased until fish becomes exhausted
how is swimming speed energetics measured?
- swim-tunnel respirometry
- Brett-type: large, hard to transport
- blatzka: small, easily transported, harder to access fish
- fish swims at different speeds and oxygen consumption is measured
how does oxygen change during swimming?
- increases in an exponential fashion with swimming speed until a maximum value
- drag is proportional to velocity squared
why is cost of transport u-shaped?
- slower swimming takes longer so more O2 is used by basal metabolism
- faster swimming drag starts to overcome benefit saved by BM
- optimal speed in middle
what is aerobic scope?
- energy used above that needed to maintain essential life processes
- aerobic scope = MMR - SMR
why do larval fish use passive drift or short bursts?
- larvae are so small they can’t continuously swim fast enough to energetically overcome viscosity of water
what is reynold’s number?
- ratio of momentum (inertial force) to viscous forces
- R = (fish length)(velocity)/(kinematic viscosity)
what are the densities of freshwater and seawater?
1000kg/m3 and 1026kg/m3
why do most fish naturally sink?
the density of most of their tissues is greater than the density of water