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animal behavior > midterm 1 > Flashcards

midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is behavior

A
  • the way in which one acts or conducts oneself
  • the way in which an animal or person acts in response to a stimulus (external stimuli & internal stimuli)
  • the total movements made by an intact animal
  • behavior can be innate or learned
  • crucial to the survival of the individual
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2
Q

what are examples of innate behaviors

A
  • avoid predators
  • find food
    -mate
    -raise young
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3
Q

what is innate behavior

A
  • performed perfectly without previous training, exposure
  • uniform, stereotyped
  • triggered by a simple sign/stimulus
  • strongly heritable preprogrammed neurological circuitries)
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4
Q

how does the environment affect an animals behavior

A
  • behavior of an animal evolves through interaction with its environment
  • animals adapt to environmental conditions they encounter in their surroundings
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5
Q

what is natural selection (darwinian theory)

A
  • acts on behavioral traits
  • favors animals who present with beneficial bahavior
  • disadvantageous for animals who present with unhelpful behavior
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6
Q

based on what assumptions will evolutionary change occur

A
  1. variation in specific traits exists in a given population
  2. some of these behaviors are heritable
  3. certain behaviors make an animal more adapted to their environment
  4. individuals with these behaviors survive longer and therefore have more offspring; fitness
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7
Q

what are adaptations

A

traits associated with successful survival and reproduction

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8
Q

what is fitness

A
  • the ability to survive and reproduce
  • reflects an individulas ability to pass on its heritable traits to the next generation
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9
Q

what is infanticide

A

killing of infants (young) by dominant male in the troop; the infants being killed are typically not fathered by the domiant (killer)

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10
Q

ethogram

A

a record or catalog of animal behavior

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11
Q

ethology

A

study of animal behavior

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12
Q

state

A

a type of behavior that an animal exhibits continuously throughout the day

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13
Q

event

A

a type pf behavior that an animal exhibits for short periods of time

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14
Q

scan sampling

A

observing behaviors at brief pre-set intervals of time

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15
Q

continuous sampling

A

an approach to observing behavior that can accurately detect short-lived behaviors

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16
Q

convergent evolution

A

animals that are phylogenetically different share a common behavior

17
Q

fitness

A

an animals ability to survive and reproduce

18
Q

proximate causes

A

explain how a behavior occurs mechanistically or developmentally in a specific animal

19
Q

divergent evolution

A

animals that are phylogenetically related exhibit different behaviors

20
Q

write 3 environmental factors that can change an animal’s behavior

A
  • changes in weather/climate change
  • animals/people around them
  • sunlight exposure (day length)
  • availability of resources
  • sudden destruction of habitat (access to nests, food, familiar environment)
21
Q

what can we conclude from the example of the honey bee about genetics and the environment where: 1. if you add young bees to the colony, the residents start foraging sooner 2. if you add older bees to the colony, the resident bees remain nurses

A

behavior is controlled by genes that exist in the honey bee, changing the bees environment (including whether they are surrounded by older or younger bees) changes the expression of genes that control both nursing and foraging behaviors

22
Q

how can we explain migratory behavior in these birds (common and black redstarts)

A

genetics, developmental, no epigenetic effects?

23
Q

how strong are genetic effects(common and black redstarts)

A

stronger genetic control of migration, some/limited effect if the environment…

24
Q

genotype

A

sets of alleles in an individual

25
Q

phenotype

A

traits that we can see

26
Q

what is the mechanistic approach

A

internally coordinated responses (actions or interactions) of whole living organisms (individual or group) to internal and/or external stimuli, excluding responses more easily understood as
developmental changes

27
Q

what is the adaptive/evolutionary approach

A

behavior describes the way an individual acts or interacts with others or the environment

28
Q

proximate causes (mechanistic)

A

factors which act within the life span of an individual (immediate)

29
Q

ultimate causes (evolutionary)

A

adaptive value of a behavioral trait; evolutionary history of a behavioral trait

30
Q

levels of analysis in the study of animal behavior

A

proximate level
development: how genetic-developmental mechanisms influence the assembly of an animal and its internal components
mechanism: how neuronal-hormonal mechanisms that develop in an animal during its lifetime control what an animal can do behaviorally

ultimate level
evolutionary history: the evolutionary history of a behavioral trait as affected by descent with modification from ancestral species
adaptive function: the adaptive value of a behavioral trait as affected by the process of evolution by natural selection

31
Q

observational approach

A

observe behavioral trait and draw a conclusion

32
Q

experimental approach

A

controlled experiments to test the relationships between different behavioral traits

33
Q

comparative approach

A

examines behavior across more than one species; examines evolutionary history of a trait by 1. identifying extinct ancestral species and their behaviors 2. current behavior traits seen

34
Q

how do genes work

A

turned on or off by environmental signals; internal/cellular, chemical, external

35
Q

what is the interactive theory of development

A

traits are influenced by both genetic programming and environmental influences; production of behavior, evolution of behavior

36
Q

what is the role of vasopressin in prairie voles

A
  • vp is produced by the brain cells when an animal copulates
    vp is carried to the ventral palladium and provides rewarding sensations

animal behavior (2 decks)

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