midterm 1 Flashcards
where does the fundamental frequency of a voice arise?
vocal fold vibration
what are vocal folds
tissue that is attaches to cartilage and are open while at rest so air can flow out
what is the glottis
the space between the folds
perceptually, the vocal fold vibration is perceived as …..
pitch
-good for identifying the speaker, detecting emotion and identifying an answer being asked
to change shorten or lengthen folds
what is phonation
when vocal folds vibrate together to make speech
process of phonation
-folds are adducted (closed)
-air pressure builds up from the lungs and forces them apart then they continue to go back together
-every time they are forced out, air escapes and this creates an audible noise
-this process is the vibration of the pitch of our voice
3 divisions of the pharynx
nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx
importance of the velopharyngeal port
allows air to go through the nose or not
-opens for nasal speech sounds
what is being plotted on a speech waveform
amplitude (Y) changes over time (X)
what is being plotted on a speech spectrum
amplitude (Y) changes over frequency (X)
what is being plotted on a speech spectrogram
frequency (Y) changes over time (X)
source-filter theory of speech production
source : vocal fold (power coming from lungs)
filter : resonance of the vocal tract
output : speech sound
-the power goes to the source, this creates a buzz which as it passes through the filter, articulators and the tract will alter it and the combined output is a speech noise
how to draw a graph of the output of the vocal folds with a fundamental frequency given
- draw a simple source graph with the fundamental frequency
- draw a filter graph
- draw a new graph with the fundamental frequency graph as an product of going through the filter
how to draw a graph representing the filter function of the vocal tract if given the location of peaks
with the location of peaks, these will be at the highest points and will be a constant pattern
how to draw a spectrum of a vowel
using the fundamental frequencies, these peaks will occur at those frequencies with accordance to the amplitude
how does changing the length of the vocal tract impact pitch
lengthening will decrease the pitch, shortening will increase the pitch
within the oral cavity, how do we measure tube length
from the back of the mouth to the front
-so when looking at moving tongue from back to front, having it constrict in the front shortens it
what are formant’s
peaks on the spectrum
-the vocal tract resonances
what influences F1 for vowels
tongue position from high to low
-pitch will decrease as it increases height
-pitch will increase as it decreases height
what influences F2 for vowels
tongue position from back to front
-pitch increases as it moves from back to front (high formant for front)
-pitch decreases as it moves front to back (low formant for back)
how to draw a spectrogram with given formant’s
plot the frequency on the Y and the time on the X and using this, make dark marks along the graph at the certain formant’s for the vowel
classifications of vowels
tongue height and tongue advancement are the primary features
-degree of tension and lip configuration are secondary features
how is the vowel chart laid out
compares the vowels at positions of front to back tongue location and high and low tongue location
how to tell the difference between two vowels on a spectrogram
can tell the difference by looking at the different formants
how does voicing impact consonant production
it is the first classification of consonants and can be voiced or voiceless
voiced
vibration of vocal folds
-the folds are adducted
voiceless
noise is generated by positioning of articulators
-occlusions or constrictions
voice onset time (VOT)
a voicing cue for consonants
-the time between a burst and voicing
-before the waveform of speech
there is a ________ VOT for voiceless and a _________ VOT for voiced
longer ; shorter
