MIDTERM 1

Question 1

What are synapomorphies?

Answer 1

traits that are shared and derived within a group of related species that evolved from an immediate common ancestor

Question 2

what are homologous structures?

Answer 2

traits that are similar between group because they were dervied from a common ancestor

Question 3

what happens to the frequency of beneficial mutations?

Answer 3

The frequency increases through NATURAL SELECTION which will no longer be recognized by the immune system. Therefore itll continue to increase the reproduction rate and dominate the population through generations

Question 4

What other mechanism drives virus evolution?

Answer 4

VIRAL REASSORTMENT
which allows flu strains to infect new hosts which can be deadly or highly infectious

Question 5

who developed the taxonomic system?

Answer 5

Carolus linnaeus

Question 6

who theorized that the world is made up of particles and we were formed by debris from a comet that was struck on earth?

Answer 6

Georges-louis leClerc

Question 7

who introduced stratigraphic in dating of fossils?

Answer 7

Nicolas Steno

Question 8

who theorized that fossils are from past species that went extinct leaving a gap in the great chain of being?

Answer 8

Georges Cuvier

Question 9

who discovered several species of extinxt marine reptiles.=/

Answer 9

mary Annie

Question 10

Who theorized that rocks were formed by very slow changes over time?

Answer 10

James hutton

Question 11

who organized a strata into geographical history?

Answer 11

William smith

Question 12

who offered the first detailed hypothesis for how evolution works ?

Answer 12

Jean-Baptiste (LAMARCK)

Question 13

What did Charles Darwin do?

Answer 13

he collected many fossils and living organisims

he obsesrved finches that have evolved to be suited to the climate

Determined that they have evolved due to common ancestry and natural selection

Question 14

who had similar evolutionary ideas as charles darwin?

Answer 14

Alfred Russel Wallace

Question 15

how does geologist measure rates of geological processes?

Answer 15

through erosion and deposition

Question 16

who disagreed with Darwin that the earth is billions years old?

Answer 16

Lord Kelvin (william thomspon) argued that earth is 20 millions years old due to the rate of cooling.

He pioneered the study of heat mass transfer in solid objects

Question 17

how did lord kelvin estimate that earth is 20 mil yrs old?

Answer 17

based on the temp of rock in deep mines but did not account to the risong magma transfers of hear near the surface which makes rocks warmer than usual

Question 18

what is radiometric dating?

Answer 18

It estimates that the earth is 4.56 billion years old

it determines the relation proportions of radioactive isotopes

Question 19

How were radioisotopes and stable isotopes synthesized?

Answer 19

By ancient stars that were present in dust cloud that was formed in our solar system

Question 20

how are rocks dates?

Answer 20

By radioactive isotopes and daughter isotpes

Question 21

how does fossils allow us to learn about extinct species?

Answer 21

through morphology, behaviour, and development

Question 22

What machine is used to detmine the cellular structure of a specie?

Answer 22

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

Question 23

Who discovered melanosomal structures in fossils in extinct raptors?

Answer 23

Jacod Vinther and colleagues using a scanning electrion microscope

Question 24

Who found a hadrosaur crest that is connected to a nasal cavity?

Answer 24

David Evans and larwarane witmer and Ryan Ridely

Question 25

Who discovered the burgess shale lagershattern in 1909?

Answer 25

Charles Doolittle

Question 26

How was Burgess Shale lagerstatten formed?

Answer 26

by periodic mudslides that buried may organisms which provides a snapshot of the marine ecosystem during the time of the mudslides

Question 27

what are biomarkers?

Answer 27

They reveal traces of life

Question 28

What is carbon isotopes signatures?

Answer 28

Can determine the types of plants eaten for the specie. O3 plants are lower than O4 plants. O3 plants are located in a forest area. O4 plants are located in a grassland

Question 29

What is the earliest signs of life?

Answer 29

Stromatotile (bacteria) was fossilized and discovered to date to 3.45 bya

Question 30

What is the earliest signs of life but is controvercial?

Answer 30

carbon contained in rocks that dates to 3.7 bya

Question 31

What is the oldest fossil of multicellular life?

Answer 31

dates back to 2.1 bya

Question 32

When was there evidence that bilateral symmetry, nervous system, and musculature had evolved?

Answer 32

earlist animal tracks that date 585 mya in ecuador

Question 33

what colonized terrestrial environments first?

Answer 33

Prokaryotes, fossils date to 2.6 bya

Question 34

how were mammals evolved?

Answer 34

Through synapsids (dominants vertebrates) 280 mya first mammals emerged 150 mya

Question 35

How old is the oldest human fossil?

Answer 35

200 000 years old

Question 36

What is phylogeny?

Answer 36

a visual representation of the evolution of species, genes, populations

Question 37

what is a cladogram

Answer 37

is a group of species in a clade that are related from a common ancestor with no information about absolute time

Question 38

what is a nested hierarchy?

Answer 38

darwin called it that because it is the expected outcome of descent with modification

Question 39

what is a clade?

Answer 39

It is a monophyletic group and are taxonomic

Question 40

what is an out group?

Answer 40

species that do not belong within a specific group

Question 41

What is the principle of maximum parsimony

Answer 41

an alternative that requires a few evolutionary steps is the best

Question 42

what is a polytomy?

Answer 42

relationships are uncertain in the polygenetic tree

Question 43

what is homoplasy?

Answer 43

a trait that is similar but not due to common decent

Question 44

what is convergent evolution?

Answer 44

is an independent evolution of a similar trait

Question 45

what is evolutionary reversals

Answer 45

a trait that is reversed back into ancestrial state

Question 46

How to solve a polytomy?

Answer 46

using more traits and more genes to idenify who we are closer too. Forks are used rather than nodes to show that its uncertain.

Question 47

What is exaptation?

Answer 47

A trait that exhibits a new function due to natural selection

Question 48

What is a microRNA?

Answer 48

it prevents translation to make proteins

Question 49

What is RNA splicing

Answer 49

can create multiple fragments of proteins from a single gene

Question 50

What are pseudogenes

Answer 50

are non-functional genes that are present due to containing acestrial baggage.

Question 51

What are somatic mutations?

Answer 51

affected cells in the body of an organism such as a specific tissue that is affected. NOT HERITABLE

Question 52

What are germ-line mutations

Answer 52

affect the gametes due to heritated traits from parents.

Question 53

What is independent assortment?

Answer 53

A combination of alleles that are sorted into gametes independent from one another.

Question 54

What is meiosis?

Answer 54

It generates recombination and independent assortment

Question 55

What is a polyphenic trait?

Answer 55

A single genotype produces multiple phenotypes depending on the environment

Question 56

What is quantitative trait locus?

Answer 56

can discover genes that influences the quantatative trait

Question 57

What are morphogens?

Answer 57

they are signaling molecules that may alter gene expression in groups of cells

Question 58

What are pleisiomorphies?

Answer 58

Characteristic of a group that may or may not be defined as homologous. These may be homoplasies