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ENVS > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Stone Age Hunting

A
  • techniques to kill large amounts of prey (Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump)
  • resulted in climate upheaval - moving animals to other climates
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2
Q

Sumer & Mesopotania

A

Sumer: Nowadays Iraq
- large scale physical ecological manipulation; agriculture, buildings, roads, deforest, stream diversion, cultivation
- plant species around, now diverted, streams die + dry up
- Once very lush, now a desert!

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3
Q

Rapa Nui (Easter Island)

A
  • extreme deforestation, once covered in trees, no trees in 1742
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4
Q

Social-ecological Systems

A

Human actors (individuals, groups, institutions) act on ecosystems.
Ecosystems act on Humans.
- relationship between us and the earth
- overhunting, deforestation, mining, war, DDT
- Natural disasters, allergies, food + shelter, water cycle, pollinators, soil erosion

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5
Q

Nutrient Cycle

A
  • plants nourish themselves through the soil:
  • from nutrients of other plants
  • humans/animals knockdown branches to be decomposers
  • animal scat/dead animals
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6
Q

Fort MacMurray Wildfire Mitigation Strategy

A

2017
- clear strategically to protect city and prevent fire spread
- learned from indigenous
- controlled fires, dry areas around them burn to protect from future fires
Nature will do it eventually. Humans can help process through selective logging + strategy burns

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7
Q

Biodiversity

A

Number and variety of living organisms; refers to diversity within genetics, species, and ecosystems

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8
Q

Living Planet Index

A

Indicator of the state of the world’s biodiversity

“Tracks the abundance of almost 21,000 populations of mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians around the world” (WWF, 2020)

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9
Q

Biocapacity

A

The ability of ecosystems to regenerate, measured in global hectares (gha)

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10
Q

Soil Biodiversity

A

Soil is a living resource, top soil is a limited resource
- soil erosion is the main destructive factor (ground coverage, water relocation, deforestation)

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11
Q

Groundcover

A
  • trees/shrubs in continuous planting bed
  • diverse natural irrigation, water runoff enter bed (more room to grow and get water) – requires maintainance
  • mowed lawns vs concrete
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12
Q

Ecological Footprint

A
  • measures how fast we consume resources + generate waste (ie. food, energy, building materials, Co2 emissions, etc.)
  • compared to how fast nature can absorb our waste + generate new resources
    (measured in global hectares (gha)
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13
Q

Ecological deficit/reserve

A

Countries with more nature (rainforests, etc.) are more able to renew resources + absorb our waste

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14
Q

Earth Overshoot day

A

How long it would take to consume an earth of resources (ie. 1.75 earths in 2020 = July 19)

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15
Q

Albedo effect

A

How well a surface reflects solar radiation
- snow is high, reflects a lot of radiation

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16
Q

Bioproductivity

A

Rate at which organisms absorb energy from sun and convert it into energy to be consumed by others and eventually regenerated into the earth

17
Q

Japan (Ecological Footprint)

A
  • First adapted ecological footprint (1996)
  • national policy (2006): government factors into decisions, businesses encouraged to participate, public awareness
  • Kyoto: 2 Earths (Edmonton: 3.2)
18
Q

Ecuador (Biocapacity)

A
  • most biologically diverse place on Earth
  • once known as carbon sink (absorbs alot of CO2), in 2006 - now they are basically even (NET 0)
  • government started action to remain in deficit
19
Q

Threats to Biodiversity

A
  • changes in land use (habitat loss, degradation)
  • species overexploitation
  • invasive species + disease
  • pollution
  • climate change
20
Q

Watersheds

A

-geographical area that drains into a larger body of water
594 in Canada - 5 Major (Pacific, Arctic, Atlantic, Hudson’s Bay, Gulf of Mexico)
Edmonton - Hudson’s Bay (N. Sask -> H. Bay)
- health of the watershed affects those downstream

21
Q

Precipitation

A

Edmonton: Driest 5 years in history in the last 15 years
- most rainfall in June/July
- very dry
- try to get water away and keep it away (bc mould, flooding, etc.)

22
Q

Fort Saskatchewan & North Battleford

A

Where we dump out water waste matters. Other places are downstream and rely on the same river for their drinking water

North Battleford - 2001 - 36 dead from parasite - 2016 - oil spill causes boiling notice

23
Q

System Evolution

A
  • instead Edmonton builds storm drain lakes
    (takes up a lot of land though)
  • keep water away from buildings, slope into drains to be carried away in pipes to be put back into the river
24
Q

Tre Kronor

A
  • divert 99% waste from landfills (0.4% waste in 2017 in landfills)
  • government interventions, population that cares, private corporations participate
  • biofuel use (85% vs 10% here)
  • accessible waste management and recycling sorting
25
Q

Conservation

A

Gifford Pinchot
- managed use of land, practical/pragmatic
- “active” techniques

26
Q

Preservation

A

John Muir
- little to no human involvement,
- “passive” techniques

27
Q

North American “Progress”

A

Wilderness needed to be tamed

28
Q

Industrial Revolution

A

Capitalize the land and exploit and pollute it

29
Q

Romantic Movemnet

A

Response to Industrial Revolution
- admired the beauty of nature
- time spent in nature

30
Q

Municipal Conservation

A
  • land set aside for schools and parks
  • humans and nature overlap directly
  • max 10% of developable land
  • provided as: land, cash-in-lieu, or both
  • encourages public access, maximum dedication amount
  • conservationist
31
Q

Environmental Conservation

A
  • Preserve natural features
  • swamp, ravine, coulee, natural drainage course, land subject to flooding, unstable land, land adjacent to body of water (min. 6m)
  • preservationist
  • prevent pollution, development and damage
  • limits public access/use, no maximum dedication amount
32
Q

Conservation reserve

A

Not anything defined in ER
- has environmental significant features
- ie. tree stands, wildlife corridors, anything else deemed by municipality
- added to MGA in 2017

33
Q

Combined Sewer System

A
  • combination of sanitary sewer + stormwater in one pipe
  • predominant in older neighbourhoods
  • stopped in Edmonton in the 1960s (outflows still in the N. Sask.)
34
Q

Low Impact Development

A
  • using natural systems to capture, store, retain, and release storm water and runoff
  • aims to manage stormwater runoff using natural landscapes instead of hardscapes (concrete)
35
Q

Dockside Green Victoria

A
  • top 10 contaminated sites in 2001
  • 4 Part Team: 1-City of Victoria, 2-Private landowner, 3-Point Hope Shipyard, 4-Windmill West (developer)
  • mandated sustainability from start, made from recycled building materials, network of ponds/waterways
  • Platinum standard

ENVS (2 decks)

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