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Public Policy 200 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Public Policy?

A

Measures that collectively affect people and institutions.

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2
Q

Do people trust the Executive Branch?

A

Most people support it when their candidate is in office but when the opposition is in office they don’t support it. This gap is getting wider

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3
Q

Implementation

A

The process of putting a decision into effect and the costs associated

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4
Q

Biden policies

A

Clean energy
Caregiving kids and elders
Infrastructure investment
Progressive tax hike

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5
Q

Trump Policies

A

10% Tariffs
Corporate Tax Cuts

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6
Q

Merit goods

A

Goods that would be under consumed without government intervention (Think Healthcare, Education)

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7
Q

Vitality vs Security

A

Vitality - Market-based system to reduce wasteful costs
Security - Assured care for all

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8
Q

Affordable Care Act (ACA)

A

More access to healthcare at a reasonable cost. Expanded public options, added tax incentives for healthcare.

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9
Q

Nudging

A

Using subtle laws to push people into making good decisions. (Seatbelt laws, tax on alchohol or sugar)

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10
Q

Are people satisfied with the state of the nation?

A

Not so much and dissatisfaction is growing. Democrats are much more satisfied with the state of the nation than republicans but numbers are still low everywhere

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11
Q

Nanny State

A

Government provides a high degree of security that reduces inequality and inequity

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12
Q

Daddy State

A

“quid pro quos” to improve conduct and civil order as part of the social contract

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13
Q

Minimum “Do it yourself” State

A

Use market forces and then let people solve problems on their own.

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14
Q

Partisan divide on how much government should provide

A

Democrats want more government intervention in health care, environmental issues, eliminating poverty, and social issues. Republicans want slightly more intervention on terrorism, immigration and protecting U.S interests

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15
Q

Supply and Demand

A

Supply goes up demand goes down. Higher price less demand, but higher supply. find equilibrium

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16
Q

What effect do Taxes have on the economy?

A

increases burdens on consumer and producer

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17
Q

Administrative Burden

A

The costs of participating in public programs and public actions and more, from the consumer or client’s perspective. (learning costs, compliance costs , psychological costs, red tape)

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18
Q

Good government

A

To make citizen experiences more transparent, make benefits and rights more accessible, to treat citizens respectfully, and assure program fidelity and integrity

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19
Q

Sludge

A

extra costs and annoyances meant to discourage someone from working in their own interests

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20
Q

Impacts of administrative burdens on voting

A

Lower income families are less likely to vote because of time constraints or burdens on them.

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21
Q

Goals of spending and taxation

A

Protect the nation, maintain and enhance natural resources and the environment, Make markets work together, reduce poverty, provide public health, etc.

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22
Q

What does our budget do?

A

16% - Defense/International Security
23% - Social Security
25% - Medicare, Medicaid, Subsidies
8% - Safety net programs
8% - Interest on Debt
8% - Benefits for Federal Retirees
2% - Transportation Infrastructure
2% - Education
1% - Foreign Aid
4% - Other

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23
Q

Where do we get federal funding

A

50% - Federal income tax
36% - Payroll Tax
8% - Excise, Estate, other
7% - Corporate income tax

24
Q

Revenues over time

A

Corporate income tax has gone down. Payroll tax has gone up, Excise, and Estate taxes have gone down. Benefits wealthy

25
Q

Mandatory vs discretionary funding

A

69% Mandatory - Entitlements Interest payments, Medicare/Medicaid, Market Subsidies
31% Discretionary - Military, education, Transportation, Anything else that needs funding.

26
Q

Drivers of Budgets

A

Mandatory increasing, Discretionary decreasing, Net interest increasing especially after covid spending

27
Q

Budget deficits

A

Deficit is outpacing revenues and increasing. Have to be paid for, raise interest rates, but do buy important things.

28
Q

Who holds our national debt?

A

Japan, China, UK and the three biggest

29
Q

What is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO)?

A

Nonpartisan office that informs congress of potential economic costs of certain policies. Tries to stop really bad ideas. acts as a sort of referee

30
Q

State and local budgets

A

Focus on sharing costs with the federal government. Much of federal spending goes to states who distribute it. States have limited control over budgets

31
Q

Role of States in Policy

A

Administer and deliver benefits, Big role in education, reduce imprisonment and recidivism.

32
Q

Breakdown of state vs local spending

A

Most public welfare spending is state. Most education is local, higher education is mostly state, the rest is a combination of both

33
Q

Wisconsin budget

A

Balanced Budget requirement. still structural deficit. Lowest tax burden in years. Many “rainy day” funds. revenue falling as a share of income as spending needs go up. Has forgone almost 2.8 billion by not taking the Medicaid expansion from the ACA

34
Q

Wisconsin revenues

A

52% - Income
34% - Sales
6% - Corporate Income
4% - Excise
4% - Other

35
Q

Regressive tax system in Wisconsin

A

lowest income brackets pay the highest share of taxes. lowest 80% each pay about 10% of income top one percent pay 7.7% of income

36
Q

Minimum wage

A

Keeps going down adjusting for the cost of living. Way lower than average wage around $25 an hour. Raising could cause unemployment. Higher minimum wages would mean higher wages for millions of Americans.

37
Q

Worker wages in minimum wage states

A

Raising minimum wage would help the bottom 25% of workers drastically. Less change to top 75%. In Seattle raising minimum wage les to no significant job loss but did have reduced hours for some workers.

38
Q

Living wage

A

Line of liveable is always changing. Depends on place and amount of dependants

39
Q

Labor laws and enforcement

A

Tippable wages, Mandatory overtime, Back pay? Is wage theft happening? Does the government have funding and staff to enforce laws

40
Q

Non-Compete Agreements (NCA)

A

Can’t move to a rival firm and compete with a business. NCA leads to lower wages because of less labor competition.

41
Q

Official Poverty Rate

A

3 times the food budget for a family. Hasn’t been revised since 60s

42
Q

Supplemental Poverty Rate

A

Sum of income plus tax credits and any government benefits families can use minus taxes and expenses for critical goods. A better measure of poverty but not perfect.

43
Q

Relative pay rates

A

9 out of 10 biggest occupations pay far less than the US average wage in 2010

44
Q

Workfare

A

Work requirement to keep government benefits. No benefits if you aren’t working or looking for a job

45
Q

Geographic distribution of poverty

A

Most poverty is in the south and southwest and around appalachia in Virginia

46
Q

Persistent poverty

A

A county is in persistent poverty if there is over 20% poverty for 10 years

47
Q

Cares Act

A

Policy meant to alleviate burdens from Covid. $4 trillion package. $884 Billion to families and workers. Rest to businesses, healthcare and tax breaks.

48
Q

Encouraging work

A

Can’t just give out money. People won’t work.

49
Q

Work support

A

Carrots over sticks. Increase EITC, subsidize childcare, increase minimum wage

50
Q

What Reduces Child Poverty?

A

Social safety net, social security, SNAP, EITC

51
Q

SNAP

A

“negative income tax” to pay for food. 76% of SNAP households have children, the elderly, or a disabled person. May not provide enough food. 80% of SNAP benefits are used in the first half of the month

52
Q

Should we restrict SNAP?

A

Only healthy foods?
Forced work?
Drug testing?

53
Q

Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC)

A

Refundable income tax credit for low to moderate income individuals and couples. Depends on income and amount of children

54
Q

Impacts of EITC

A

Everyone loves it. Subsidizes income. employers don’t have to pay as much. Linked to better infant health, closes poverty gap.

55
Q

Child Tax Credit (CTC later ACTC)

A

Tax break for children. Does leave out the poorest Americans because it isn’t available to those who don’t owe income taxes because their earnings aren’t high enough.

56
Q

Once a year vs year round benefits

A

EITC and CTC/ACTC only claimable once a year. Makes it hard to divide it up and use it year round.

57
Q

Child Allowance

A

Fixes CTC by making child benefits small payments year round. Full credit in the form of monthly payments. Not implemented by USA

Public Policy 200 (1 decks)

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