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CE 010 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Surveying?

A

The art of science of taking field measurements on or near the surface of the earth

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2
Q

What else does surveying include? (Hint: 4 statements)

A
  • horizontal and slop distances
  • vertical distances
  • horizontal and vertical angles
  • positions
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3
Q

What is geomatics?

A

computerization and digitization of data collection, data processing, data analysis and data output

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4
Q

What is engineering surveying?

A

The activities involved in the planning and execution of surveys for the location, design, construction, maintenance and operation of civil and other engineered projects

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5
Q

What activities are included in engineering surveying?-

A
  • Preparation of surveying and related mapping specifications
  • execution of remote sensing and field surveys for the collection of required data (including topographic and hydrographic data)
  • Calculation, reduction, and plotting of survey data for use in engineering design
  • Design and provision of horizontal and vertical control networks
  • Provision of line and grade for construction
  • Measurement of materials and other quantities for inventory, cost accounting, and payment purposes
  • Execution of as-built surveys and plans
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6
Q

What is plane surveying?

A

The surface of the earth is considered to be a plane for all X and Y dimensions

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7
Q

What is geodetic surveying?

A

The earth is considered to be ellipsoidal in shape for all X and Y dimensions.

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8
Q

What are the two most common applications of surveying?

A
  • location of ground features (natural and built) measured to prepare a plan or map of the area
  • design features in an engineering plan located in the field by distance and angle measurements or through positioning techniques
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9
Q

What are the three types of classes of surveys?

A

Preliminary survey, Layout survey, and control survey

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10
Q

What are the components of preliminary surveys?

A
  • rectangular tie-ins
  • polar tie-ins
  • intersection tie-ins
  • positioning tie-ins
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11
Q

What are the components of layout survey?

A
  • rectangular layout
  • polar layout
  • positioning layout
  • machine guidance and control
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12
Q

What are the two types of errors?

A

systematic and random error

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13
Q

What is systematic error?

A

The error whose magnitude and algebraic sign can be determined.

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14
Q

What is a random error?

A

The error is associated with the skill and vigilance of the surveyor. Can be minimized but not completely eliminated.

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15
Q

What are oblique triangles?

A

Triangles that do not contain a right angle

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16
Q

T/F: You can apply trigonometric relationships to oblique triangles.

A

False

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17
Q

What does the process of taping consist of?

A

Aligning the tape, pulling the tape tight, using the plumb bob on unlevel ground, marking tape lengths, and reading tape.

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18
Q

What are the three types of steel tape graduations?

A
  • Graduated Throughout
  • Cut tape
  • Add tape
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19
Q

What is graduated throughout?

A

Started from zero to the length needed to measure (most common)

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20
Q

What is cut tape, and what do you do when measuring?

A

It may not start from zero. Subtract the point measured from the point started (not zero)

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21
Q

What is add tape, and what do you do when measuring?

A

It started from a negative number to a positive number. Add the point started to the point it was measured.

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22
Q

What is the plumb bob used for?

A

To check the surface when it is not horizontal

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23
Q

What is the hand level useful for?

A

To check whether if the surface is horizontal or not

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24
Q

What is the standard conditions for the use of steel tape? (Imperial System)

A
  • 100.00 ft tape
  • Temperarture = 68 *F
  • Fully supported
  • Tension = 10 lbs
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25
Q

What is the standard conditions for the use of steel tape? (Metric System)

A
  • 30.000 m tape
  • Temperature = 20 *C
  • Fully supported
  • Tension = 50 Newtons (11.24 lbs)
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26
Q

What are 4 systematic taping errors?

A
  • Slope
  • Erroneous length
  • Temperature
  • Tension and Sag
27
Q

What is elevation?

A

A vertical distance above or below a reference datum

28
Q

What is a vertical line? (also known as plumb line or line of gravity)

A

a line from the surface of Earth to the Earth’s center

29
Q

What is level line?

A

A line in a level surface.

30
Q

What is a level surface?

A

A curved surface parallel to the mean surface of the Earth

31
Q

What is vertical distance?

A

Difference in elevation between two points

32
Q

What is horizontal line?

A

A straight line perpendicular to a vertical line

33
Q

What is mean sea level? (MSL)

A

In surveying the refernce datum that is universally employed

34
Q

What is curvature error?

A

The divergence between a level line and a horizontal line over a specified distance.

35
Q

What is the benchmark? (BM)

A

A permanent point of known elevation

36
Q

What is a temporary benchmark? (TBM)

A

A semipermanent point of known elevation

37
Q

What is a turning point? (TP)

A

A point temporarily used to transfer an elevation

38
Q

What is a backsight? (BS)

A

A rod reading taken on a point of known elevation to establish the elevation of the instrument line of sight

39
Q

What is the height of the instrument? (HI)

A

The elevation of the line of sight through the level

40
Q

What is the foresight? (FS)

A

A rod reading taken on a TP, BM, or TBM to determine its elevation

41
Q

What is intermediate sight? (IS)

A

A rod reading taken at any other point where the elevation is required i.e., HI -IS = elevation

42
Q

What is differential (control/ benchmark) leveling?

A

A process of measuring the difference in elevation between points

43
Q

What is plan view of route?

A

The location does not change. Example the perspective from an aircraft looking straight down

44
Q

What is the profile of the route?

A

A side view or elevation in which the longitudinal surfaces are highlighted.

44
Q

What is the cross-section view?

A

The end view of a section at a station (0 + 60 in) and is at right angles to the centerline

45
Q

What is profile leveling?

A

The process of determining the elevations of points at measured intervals along a fixed line

46
Q

T/F: Most levels have a stadia constant of 100?

A

True

47
Q

What are borrow pits?

A

granular deposits, ex. gravel pits

48
Q

T/F: If the error in a level loop is unacceptable, the leveling must be repeated?

A

True

49
Q

What is misclosure?

A

The amount by which the measured elevation derived from the computations differs from the known elevation of the starting and finishing benchmarks

50
Q

What is the 4 natural errors for leveling?

A
  • Earth curvature
  • Refraction
  • Temperature
  • Settlement of the instrument
51
Q

What does the earth curvature error do for leveling and how can it be fixed?

A

It increases rod readings. It can be eliminated by balancing the distances of BS and FS readings.

52
Q

What does the refraction error do for leveling and how can it be fixed?

A

It decreases rod readings. It can be eliminated by balancing distances of BS and FS readings.

53
Q

What does temperature error do for leveling and how can it be fixed?

A

The rod appears to wave and prevents accurate sighting. Can be eliminated by raising the line of sight by high tripod setup along with choosing short sights.

54
Q

What does settlement of the instrument error do for leveling?

A

If the tripod legs are not pushed firmly into the ground, the HI when taking a BS and a FS may not be the same.

55
Q

What are the 3 sources of instrumental error for leveling?

A

The line of sight is not horizontal, horizontal hair not exactly horizontal, and incorrect length of level rod and graduation errors.

56
Q

What are the 4 sources of human error in leveling?

A

ubble not centered, parallax, faulty rod reading and recording, and the level rod not vertical.

57
Q

What is parallax?

A

The improper focusing of objective and/or eyepiece lenses.

58
Q

What are the three types of errors in leveling?

A

Systematic errors, random errors, and mistakes.

59
Q

What are some examples of systematic errors?

A

Such as earth curvature, refraction, and incorrect length.

60
Q

What are some examples of random errors?

A

Such as temperature, wind, and settlement of the instrument.

61
Q

What are some examples of mistakes made during leveling?

A

Such as misreading or mis recording measurements, not properly leveling the instrument, and not holding the rod vertical.

62
Q
A

CE 010 (1 decks)

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