Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO 93 midterm 1 > midterm 1 > Flashcards

midterm 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

list the order of life

A

1- the biosphere
2- ecosystems
3- community
4- populations
5- organisms
6. organs
7. tissues
8. cells
9. organelles
10. molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the organism’s basic unit of structure and function

A

cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the smallest unit of organization capable oof preforming all the activities for life

A

cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what do all cells have in common

A

enclosed by a membrane
use dna as genetic information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

all life is based on…

A

heritable information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

all forms of life use the same …

A

genetic code

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

life require the …

A

transfer and transformation of energy and matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

energy exchange involves …

A

transformation of energy from one form to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

structure provides …

A

clues about function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

function provides …

A

INSIGHT INTO construction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

form fits…

A

function!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

structural organization of cells

A

atoms then molecules then cells q

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

atoms are the …

A

foundation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

molecules are formed by …

A

combination of atoms )lipids proteins etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

cells are formed by …

A

combination of molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

cells represent…

A

the lowest structural level capable of preforming life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

matter is made up of …

A

atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what was eric betzig involed in

A

the optical revolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

the optical revolution was invented by

A

eric betzig

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

1m=?mm

A

1000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

1mm=?um

A

1000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

1um=?nm

A

1000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

1nm=?pm

A

1000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

o.1nm=? Angstrom

A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

water is …

A

essential for life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

cell composition …

A

70-95%water
carbon-based monlecules= the rest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

elements cannot…

A

be broken down into another substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

how many natural
elements are there

A

92

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

how many elements are essential to life

A

25%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

trace elements ….

A

FE, I, Zn, Cu

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

__% of living matter is made up from _ elements

A

96, 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what are the 4 elements that make up most of living matter

A

c, o, n, h

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

atoms are the …

A

smallest unit of chemical elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

compounds are

A

molecules made up of two or more elements in a fixed ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

atoms use what to form molecules and compounds

A

chemical bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what are strong bonds

A

covalent and ionic bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what is covalent bonds

A

sharing of electrons by two atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what type of molecules have covalent bonds

A

polar and nonpolar molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what are weak bonds

A

hydrogen bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

nonpolar=

A

equal sharing of electrons
equal electronegativity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

polar=

A

unequal sharing of electrons
unequal electronegativity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

ionic bonds is the

A

transfer of elevtrons between two atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

ex of ionic bond

A

NaCl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what are ionic bonds held by

A

electrostatic interaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

hydrophilic substances

A

affinity for water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what do most hydrophilic substances have

A

polar or ionic bonds that can form hydrogen bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

hydrophobid substances

A

repels water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

most hydrophobic substances have

A

nonpolar covalent bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

waxes are …

A

HYDROPHOBIC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

most lipids are

A

HYDROPHOBIC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

in water the two H atoms are ….

A

covalently bonded to one O atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

cohesion is

A

the interaction between water molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

ribosomes have 2 parts name them

A

large subunit and small subunit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

a water molecule can have how many partners…

A

FOUR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

what makes ice less dense than water

A

lattice structure due to hydrogen bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

a substance in which another substance dissolves in

A

solvent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

a dissolves substance

A

solute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

mixture of solute and solvent

A

solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

when an ion dissolves in water what forms q

A

hydration shell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

what is the dominat bonds in lipids

A

c-c and c-h which are nonpolar with equal sharing of electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

equation for water dissociation

A

h20 –> (h+) +(oh-)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

what is the sign of pure water

A

h+=oh-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

most biological solutions do not have what?

A

equal amounts of h+ and oh-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

acids…

A

increase the proton concentration of a solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

bases…

A

decrease the proton concentration of a solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

what is the change between every ph level

A

10x
tenfold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

buffers…

A

resist change in ph of a solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

what actions can buffers do?

A

donat H+ when basic
or donate oh-/or accept h+ when acidic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

what is the ph of human blood

A

7.4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

what are the buffers in blood q

A

carbonic acid and bicarbonate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

what is optimal range for blood ph

A

7.37-7.43

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

know the equation for carbonic acid

A

h2co3 <=> (Hco3)- + (H+)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

monomer to proteins

A

amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

polymer to proteins

A

polypeptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

what bonds do polymers have

A

covalent bonds between monomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

what is a polypeptide

A

polymer of AAs in specific sequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

what is a protein

A

one or more polypeptide with specific 3-D conformation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

write the sequence of how proteins are made small to large

A

amino acids, polypeptides, proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

what is the exception to all enzymes are proteins

A

rna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

what are all proteins made of

A

amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

how many amino acids are there

A

20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

what is the structure of all amino acids

A

r-group
amino group
carbonxyl group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

what part of the amino acid coud be positive inside the cell

A

the amino group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

what gives amino acids its acid part

A

carboxyl goup can become acid q

85
Q

what is special about cyesteine (hint: it’s an amino acid)

A

wealky polar that sometimes is called nonpolar

86
Q

what reaction creates polypeptides

A

dehydration reactions join amino acids

87
Q

what is the amino acid end called of a polypeptide

A

N terminus

88
Q

what is the carboxyl end of a polypeptide called

A

C terminus

89
Q

what will the ends of a polypetide look like

A

N terminus (amino group)
C terminus (carboxyl group)

90
Q

what allows for dehydration

A

enzymes

91
Q

what is the primary sequence

A

amino acid sequence

92
Q

what are the levels of structure in a SINGLE polypeptide

A

primary
secondary
tertiary

93
Q

what is secondary structure

A

hydrogen bonds by atoms in the polypeptide backbone between nucleotides

94
Q

what are two types of secondary structure

A

alpha helix and Beta bleated sheat

95
Q

what does an alpha helix resemble

A

coils

96
Q

what does a beta strand resemble

A

a pleated sheet

97
Q

what is a hydrogen bond?

A

H bonding with another element FROM a different molecule

98
Q

What is tertiary structure

A

r- group interaction that determine overall structure of the polypeptide

99
Q

what are the WEAK types of bonds in tertiary structure

A

hydrogen

100
Q

list the cell composition

A

70-95% water
rest carbon based compounds `

101
Q

carbon has how many valence electrons

A

4 meaning it can have 4 other atoms

102
Q

what are the possible variables of variation in carbon skeletons

A
  • length
  • branching
  • double bond position
  • ring structure
103
Q

why are functional groups called functional

A

bc they give their molecule unique properties

104
Q

what type of bond is in a hydroxyl

A

polar covalent bond

105
Q

what is an alternate name for hydroxyl

A

alcohol

106
Q

what are ketones

A

carbonyl groups in the middle of a sugar

107
Q

what are aldehydes

A

carbonyl groups at the end of a sugar

108
Q

what is carboxyl

A

A WEAK ACID

109
Q

amino group can be a

A

base

110
Q

sulfhydryl group compoud name

A

thiol

111
Q

-SH group can form

A

DISULFIDE bond very strong

112
Q

-sh is midly

A

polar

113
Q

Methyl group compound name

A

methylated compound

114
Q

ch3- is very

A

stable and nonpolar

115
Q

ch3- can affect

A

the expression of gene when interect with DNA

116
Q

phosphate group has a

A

NEGATIVE CHATGE

117
Q

Phosphate group is important in

A

releasing energy

118
Q

what is VERY important abt dehydration and hydrolysis

A

NOT SPONTANEOUS

119
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

releases a water to join molecules together

120
Q

what is the simplest carbohydrate

A

monosaccharides

121
Q

what is the main fuel of cellular respiration

A

glucose

122
Q

what serves as raw material for synthesis of other molecules like amino acids and fatty acids

A

carbon skeletons

123
Q

WHAT BOND is FOUND IN A disaccharide

A

glycosidic linkages

124
Q

lactose is made of

A

glucose + galactose

125
Q

why are people lactose intolerant

A

they cannot hydrolyze lactose bc lack enzyme lactase

126
Q

polysaccharides have what two functions

A

structure and energy storage

127
Q

what is an example of a polysaccharide structural

A

cellulose, used in plant cell walls

128
Q

give all energy storage examples (polysacchardies)

A

starch in plants
glycogen in animals

129
Q

which polysaccharides can we not hydrolyze

A

CELLULOSE

130
Q

why can cows digest cellulose

A

they have bacteria in their gut that break it down for them- sometime they cant get antibotics when sick bc it kills the bacteria

131
Q

what are the three forms of lipids?

A

fats
phospjolipids
steriods

132
Q

what is a fat

A

glycerol combined with 3 fatty acids

133
Q

what connects fatty acids to glycerol

A

ESTER LINKAGE

134
Q

what is a fatty acid

A

carboxylic acid with an aliphatic chain

135
Q

saturated fats have

A

no c-c double bonds
usually solid at room temp

136
Q

unsaturated fats have

A

c-c double bond usually liquid at room temp

137
Q

how to convert unsaturated to saturated fat

A

hydrogenate- add hydrogen to allow solidification

138
Q

what produces trans fats

A

the process of hydrogenating oils

139
Q

structure of phospholipid

A

glycerol + 2 fatty acid + phosphate group (+ sometimes choline or serine)

140
Q

steroid are

A

carbon skeletons with 4rings

141
Q

ex of steroid

A

cholesterol

142
Q

cholesterol is a precursor to

A

testoserone and estrogen

143
Q

how thick is the plasma membrane

A

8nm thick

144
Q

the plasma membrane is ‘

A

FLUID and AMPHIPATHIC

145
Q

what can some organisms do on demand to their plasma membrane

A

change the lipid composition (fluidity)

146
Q

what type of movement can phospholipids drift in

A

the more often have lateral movement (side by side) or flip flop (opposite side) much less often

147
Q

what are phospholipids held together by

A

weak hydrophobic interactions

148
Q

cholesterol

A

stabilizes membrane fluidity

149
Q

HIV cannot infect a cell

A

that is lacking CCR5

150
Q

HIV mimics the

A

structure and conformation of natural ligands for CD4 and CCR5

151
Q

proteins can move ….

A

laterally in the membrane
think abt the mouse + human cell combo after 1 hr

152
Q

in which tube does water flow out of the cell- hyper, hypo or iso

A

hyper and iso

153
Q

how does water flow across the membrane of an animal cell

A

osmosis, facilitated diffusion, aquaporin

154
Q

malfunctioning of aquaporin is associated with

A

many diseases of the kidney, skeletal muscle, and other organs

155
Q

THE MEMBRANE IS

A

selectively permeable

156
Q

diffusion of water across a permeable membrane is called

A

OSMOSIS

157
Q

what are the 3 types of traffic across the membrane

A

1) direct passage through
2) passage mediated by transport proteins
- passive or active
3) vericular transport or bulk transport

158
Q

two types of passive transport : facilitated diffusion

A

channel protein or carrier protein

159
Q

electrogenic pump creates

A

voltage across a membrane

160
Q

ALL TRANSPORT PROTEINS INVOLVED IN ACTIVE TRANSPORT ARE

A

CARRIER PROTEINS

161
Q

in sodium potassium pump describe movement

A

3 na’s outside cell
2 ka inside the cell

162
Q

cotransport

A

gradient generated by one molecule drives the active transport of another

163
Q

animal cell example of cotransport

A

glucose uses na+’s gradient to travel against its gradient

164
Q

exocytosis adds

A

new components to the plasma membrane

165
Q

pinocytosis and receptor mediates endocytosis has

A

coated vesicles

166
Q

pseudopodium of phagocytosis is powered by

A

microfilaments

167
Q

what is a specific example of receptor mediated endocytosis

A

the uptake of cholesterol

168
Q

functions of cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells

A

structural support and mobility (interaction with motor protein)

169
Q

which elements of the cytoskeleton are polarized

A

microtubles and microfilaments

170
Q

microfilament and microtubles display

A

a + end and a - end

171
Q

IF are more

A

stable and permenent

172
Q

MF and MT are ___ assembly

A

rapid … bc are more dynamic

173
Q

the turgid nature of a plant cell is important for

A

non- woody plants

174
Q

exocytosis is base dependent on what?

A

CALCIUM

175
Q

microfilaments is made of what filaments

A

ACTIN

176
Q

microfiliments structure

A

two intertwined strands of actin

177
Q

in microfilaments describe assembly and disassembly

A

subunits added at the positive end
subunits subtracted at the positive end

178
Q

ex of microfilaments

A

microvili increase absorbing area of intestinal cells and their shap is maintained by MF

179
Q

MF function in regards to muscle

A

contraction of mucle actin and myosin

180
Q

the crawling movement of a cell is mediated by

A

the interaction of myosin motors and microfilaments that alternate polymerization and depolymerization

181
Q

lamellipodium is

A

cytoskeletal protein actin projection on the leading edge of the cell- drives cell movement

182
Q

filopodium functions as an

A

antennae for cells to probe their environment.

183
Q

describe the structure of intermediate filaments

A

supercoiled into thick cables - contains all different types of proteins

184
Q

what are the functions of intermediate filaments

A

cell shape, resist tension, cell and nuclear anchorage, and formation of nuclear lamina

185
Q

a mutation in what causes progeria

A

lamin mutations

186
Q

what is progeria

A

disease that causes accelerated aging in humans

187
Q

what does lamin mutations lead to alterations in

A

nuclear disassembly and assembly during cell division, abnormal nuclear architecture, and defective chromosome organization

188
Q

structure of microtubules

A

hollow cylindrical rods, made of tubulin dimers

189
Q

where do cytoplasmic tubules grow out from

A

centrosomes

190
Q

which end of a microtubule is the growing tip

A

positive end is the growing end

191
Q

function of microtubules

A

cell shape and organization of cytoplasmic components, track for cellular components (vesicles, chromosome movements require interaction with motor proteins)`

192
Q

kinesins move towars the _ end of the MT

A

positive

193
Q

Dyneins move toward the __ end of the MT

A

negative

194
Q

in animals the centrosome has ….

A

two centrioles

195
Q

motor proteins require …

A

energy aka atp

196
Q

motor proteins are

A

ATPases (a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of a phosphate bond in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to form adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

197
Q

what motion do motor proteins have

A

retrograde motion

198
Q

cilia and flagella have what specific structure

A

9 to 2 ring

199
Q

what describes the movement of cilia and flagella

A

whipping movement

200
Q

most abundant thing in the extracellular matrix

A

collagen

201
Q

integrins are

A

a type of plasma membrane protein

202
Q

fibronectin is a

A

EMC protein that links with integrins facilitating crosstalk between cell and its environment

203
Q

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are ….

A

energy transformers of the cell
enclosed in double membranes
semiautonomous
location not fixed (can move around)

204
Q

the separating and fusing capabilities of mitochondria and chloroplasts show that they are

A

DYNAMIC

205
Q

peroxisomes are single…

A

membraned

206
Q

peroxisome functions

A

breaks down fatty acids and detoxification of alcohol and other poisons

207
Q

what is a byproduct of peroxisomes

A

H202 hydrogen peroxide

208
Q

peroxisome enzymes convert H202 into

A

Water and oxygen

209
Q

what is the structure of peroxisomes

A

crystalloid structure

BIO 93 midterm 1 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions