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POL 1011 MIDTERM > MIDTERM 1 > Flashcards

MIDTERM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the practice of attempting to influence the decisions of a collective to act, or not to act in a particular manner?

A

POLITICS

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2
Q

What is the part of society and the economy that functions separately from government control?

A

Private or Voluntary sectors (Civil Society)

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3
Q

What is the part of society and the economy that functions with government control?

A

Public sector

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4
Q

The way things are

A

Empirical beliefs

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5
Q

The way things ought to be

A

Normative beliefs

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6
Q

Defined in this discipline as the ability of one actor to impose its will on another, to get its own way, to do or get what it wants

A

Power

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7
Q

Two types of power

A

Coercion and Authority

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8
Q

Agent is able to impose its will on others by using or threatening, physical force and other forms of punishment.

A

Coercion

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9
Q

Power based on legitimacy

A

Authority

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10
Q

Refers to the set of organizations that make, enforce, and administer collective, public decisions for a society

A

Government

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11
Q

Three kinds of government power

A

Legislative, Executive and Judicial

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12
Q

The power to create laws and public policies

A

Legislative power

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13
Q

The power to enforce laws and administer public policies

A

Executive power

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14
Q

The power to interpret the law

A

Judicial power

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15
Q

An activity in which conflicting interests struggle for advantage or dominance in the making and execution of public policies

A

Politics

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16
Q

A system of government designed to integrate the expressed wishes of the governed

A

Democracy

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17
Q

Society has demands that go to the political system which produces output back for the society

A

Model of the Political System

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18
Q

An organization that exists to pursue the common interests of its members

A

Interest Group

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19
Q

An interest group that aims to accomplish its objectives by trying to influence directly how government power is used.

A

Advocacy/Pressure Group

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20
Q

A formal organization that seeks to achieve its objectives through government by contesting elections.

A

Political party

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21
Q

Source of many of the demands expressed in day-to-day political activity

A

Cleavages

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22
Q

Refers to a belief that we belong to some group

A

Identities

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23
Q

The process through which dominant beliefs and assumptions about the world reinforce existing patterns of power in a society by taking alternative courses of action off the table

A

Cultural Hegemony

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24
Q

An informal alliance of individuals and interest groups who aim to achieve their objectives by changing the dominant beliefs of a society

A

Social movement

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25
Q

The press may not be successful much of the time in telling people what to think, but it is stunningly successful in telling its readers what to think about

A

Agenda setting

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26
Q

Government is understood according to rules, laws, and constitutions

A

Institutional Approaches

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27
Q

A rule that is enforceable in court

A

Law

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28
Q

A rule that is widely perceived as binding, but which is not enforceable in court

A

Convention

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29
Q

Where decisions are carried from the past into the future and reversal costs are high

A

Path dependence

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30
Q

Emphasizes the autonomy of state actors; seeks to influence political outcomes

A

State-based approach

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31
Q

Refers to the state being composed of a conglomeration of specialized policy processes, each of which nurtures support from the most relevant interest in society

A

Policy communities

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32
Q

The idea that the political and bureaucratic leaders of the state interact with elites in society; to arrive at decisions that are in their mutual interests

A

Elite accommodation

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33
Q

States that steer the economic development of their countries in directions favored and coordinated by state actors

A

dirigiste state

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34
Q

Studies of government in the context of the broader social and economic environment of which it is a part; center on groups and societal forces

A

Political sociology

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35
Q

Emphasizes deep-seated divisions in society such as regions, ethnic background, language, religion, and economic classes

A

Social cleavage approach

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36
Q

Postulate that the resources to influence power are widely dispersed among many interests in society, rather than tightly controlled by one particular group of elites

A

Pluralist approach

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37
Q

Authorities engage in wheeling and dealing with the various groups in an effort to keep them all content

A

Brokerage politics

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38
Q

Emphasizes the role that economic groups - in particular, classes - play in shaping the nature of politics and government

A

Marxist approach/Class approach

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39
Q

Those who own the means of production, such as businesses and industries

A

Bourgeoisie

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40
Q

Working class

A

Proletariat

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41
Q

Adapts concepts and theories from psychology in seeking to understand why people think the way they do about politics

A

Political psychology approach

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42
Q

Behavior of individual political actors whether as citizens, voters, or members of groups such as political parties, interest groups, and social movement

A

Political behavior approach

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43
Q

Assumes that individuals seek to maximize their utility as efficiently as possible; behavior is goal-oriented

A

Rational choice approach

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44
Q

A term reserved generally for the people who arrived in more recent times

A

Settlers

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45
Q

Refers to the countries, particularly European powers that laid claims to territory in the Americas

A

Colonial Powers

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46
Q

Who were the first Europeans to arrive in what is now Canada in the 1500s?

A

Italian and French Explorers

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47
Q

Who took possession of Rupert’s Land in 1670?

A

The British Hudson’s Bay Company (The Bay)

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48
Q

When did the French settlers arrive and settle in “New France” now known as Quebec

A

1600s

49
Q

What did Britain later gain control by the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht?

A

Nova Scotia and Newfoundland

50
Q

What treaty ended the War of the Spanish Succession?

A

1713 Treaty of Utrecht

51
Q

What did Britain conquer in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham in 1759?

A

New France

52
Q

What were the two traditional European rivals that were a part of the Seven Years’ War?

A

France and Britain

53
Q

What was the treaty that allowed Britain to gain PEI, Cape Breton, and New Brunswick?

A

1763 Treaty of Paris

54
Q

What is the first distinctively Canadian constitutional document that laid down the rules for governing the British North American colonies that comprised the territory of what would later become Canada?

A

The Royal Proclamation of 1763

55
Q

What protected the French language and religion?

A

The Royal Proclamation of 1763

56
Q

What is the old colonialist doctrine that contends that land could be claimed by a colonial power provided that it was not occupied when the colonial power discovered it?

A

Terra Nullius

57
Q

Did Terra Nullius apply in the Canadian setting?

A

No

58
Q

What act in 1774 established a council to advise the governor in the colony of Quebec?

A

The 1774 Quebec Act

59
Q

What act was passed in response to pressure from those Loyalists who moved into what is now Ontario, and who were already accustomed to operating with an elected assembly?

A

1791 Constitutional Act

60
Q

What did the 1791 Constitutional Act divide the colony into?

A

Upper and Lower Canada

61
Q

A set of political institutions that included an elected legislative assembly

A

Representative Government

62
Q

A kind of government where advisers to the governor would both be chosen from and reflect the views of the elected assembly

A

Responsible Government

63
Q

How did the 1839 Durham Report outline a division of powers between local and imperial authorities?

A

Local matters - the governor would follow the advice of colonial authorities
Imperial concern - he would act as an agent of the British government

64
Q

The colonies were amalgamated by what act?

A

1840 Act of Union

65
Q

What was required before the passage of bills?

A

Double majority (a majority of members from each part of the colony)

66
Q

Who deals with problems that all colonies had in common?

A

Central government

66
Q

Who handles distinctive internal matters on their own?

A

Provincial government

67
Q

What were officially united on July 1, 1867 by the British North America Act?

A

Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and the colony of Canada - now divided between Ontario and Canada

68
Q

What was the British North America Act renamed to?

A

Constitution Act, 1867

68
Q

What are the two parts of the British Parliamentary System of Government?

A

The legislative part and the monarch

69
Q

What is composed of an elected lower house, the House of Commons, and an unelected Upper House (called the Senate in Canada) with its members being appointed by the Prime Minister?

A

Legislative

70
Q

What is a position that is embodied by the Queen in Great Britain and by the Queen and her representative, the governor-general in Canada?

A

Monarch or the Crown

71
Q

Who is the core of the Parliamentary System?

A

Prime Minister and the Cabinet

72
Q

it involves a combination of legislative and executive powers

A

Fusion of powers

73
Q

Who is given the power to introduce most legislation and the right to control most of the time the legislature?

A

Prime Minister and Cabinet ministers

74
Q

What is the British Parliament sometimes called?

A

Westminster model

75
Q

What constitutes a majority of the members of Parliament normally belong to the same political party as the Prime Minister and Cabinet?

A

Majority Government

76
Q

Opposition MPs

A

Minority Government

77
Q

What is expected to operate independently of the executive and legislative branches of government?

A

Judicial Independence

78
Q

Power to declare laws invalid; the power of the courts to overturn executive and legislative decisions

A

Judicial review

79
Q

What is it called when the executive, legislative, and judicial powers are distributed to three separate branches of government: the president, congress, and the Courts respectively?

A

Separation of Powers

80
Q

What does the “checks and balances” do for the US system?

A

Ensures that the actions of any one branch of government are subject to veto by another

81
Q

What was the first attempt to fuse the principles of the British parliamentary system with those of federalism?

A

Canadian Confederation

82
Q

Who was the first Prime Minister of Canada?

A

John A Macdonald

83
Q

What can be defined as a division of powers between central and regional governments such that neither is subordinate to the other?

A

Federalism

84
Q

A kind of government where all final authority resides with a central government

A

Unitary Government/Legislative Union

85
Q

A kind of government where all final authority resides with the constituent government

A

Confederal government

86
Q

What year did Canada adopt a new flag?

A

1965

87
Q

What year did the government recognize “O Canada” as its national anthem?

A

1967

88
Q

This can be defined as the sum total of residual or discretionary powers still left in the hands of the monarch

A

The Crown

89
Q

This means that the monarch reigns according to the constitution and one that has put most of the powers of government into someone else’s hands

A

Constitutional monarchy

90
Q

What are the principles of the Canadian Constitution?

A

Constitutional monarchy, responsible government, federalism, judicial review, rule of law, democracy

91
Q

This means that all government action must be based on law and that governments and government officials must obey the law

A

Rule of law

92
Q

This means that people ultimately rule primarily through periodic elections

A

Popular sovereignty

93
Q

Everyone has one vote on election day

A

Political equality

94
Q

During and between elections, people are free to organize and advocate for political purposes

A

Political freedom

95
Q

This means that except in defined situations designed to protect minority rights, the will of the majority prevails

A

Majority rule

96
Q

This can be defined as the sum total of the politically relevant values, beliefs, attitudes, identities, and orientations in a society

A

Political culture

97
Q

Consists of ideas, assumptions, values, and beliefs that shape our understanding and behavior as citizens in the world of politics

A

Political culture

98
Q

A system of government where collective public decisions are made by the people or the people’s representatives, but where certain spheres of human activity are altogether outside of the legitimate purview of collective public decision-making

A

Liberal democracy

99
Q

This means that legitimate political authority comes from the people and that the people have the final say

A

Popular sovereignty

99
Q

Four elements of modern Canadian liberal democracy

A

popular sovereignty, political equality, freedom, and majority rule/minority rights

100
Q

A minimal expression of this would be the principle of one person-one vote

A

Political equality

101
Q

Describes a domain of human activity where people have the liberty to do, or not do as they choose

A

Freedom

102
Q

What are the five basic categories of Canadian values that can be distinguished from those in the United States?

A

Balance between individualism and collectivism; Particularism, diversity, and tolerance; Deference to authority; Egalitarianism; Caution, diffidence, dependence, idealism, and non-violence

103
Q

Legislators are guided or bound by the frequent referral of policy questions to the electorate as a whole

A

Referendum

104
Q

Legislators respond to demands for policy changes expressed by voters in the form of a petition

A

Initiative

105
Q

A member of Parliament could be forced to resign if a certain proportion of electors in a constituency sign a petition to this effect

A

Recall

106
Q

Distinctive collections of values, beliefs, attitudes, identities, and orientations held by smaller groups within society

A

Subcultures

107
Q

Official aspects of the electoral system

A

redistribution or redrawing the electoral map; the official organization of elections; an evaluation of the lack of proportionality in the electoral system and suggestions for reform; party and election finance

108
Q

What is the primary function of elections?

A

To allow the mass of citizens to choose their parliamentary representatives and, indirectly, their governmental leaders

109
Q

How does the electoral process begin?

A

By dividing the country into single-member electoral districts

110
Q

What are the two stages of redistribution?

A
  • deciding how many seats in the Commons to allot to each province and territory
  • actually drawing constituency boundaries within the provinces
111
Q

Manipulating constituency boundaries to increase the re-election probability of the members of the government party

A

Gerrymandering

112
Q

Who is responsible for the overall administration of the election and must function with absolute impartiality?

A

Chief electoral officer

113
Q

List of eligible voters

A

Voters’ list

114
Q

This means that the winner often does not have a majority of the votes cast, only a plurality

A

Single-member-plurality

115
Q

How was the SMP criticized?

A
  • overrepresentation of white males
  • discourage voter turnout
  • strategic voting
116
Q

Constituencies would be eliminated and each party would receive as many seats in each province as its popular vote

A

Proportional representation

POL 1011 MIDTERM (1 decks)

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