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BIOL 1103 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Protein Primary Structure

A

The order and type of amino acids bonded together to form the protein chain

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2
Q

Protein Secondary Structure

A

The coiled or folded patterns created by Hydrogen bonds on the amino acid backbones (not side chains)
can be beta-sheet or alpha helix structures

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3
Q

Protein Tertiary Structure

A

The overall 3D form of the protein created by interactions between side chain compounds on the amino acid backbone (the functional groups)

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4
Q

Protein Quaternary Structure

A

Some proteins associate closely and become entwined to create a larger functional protein (only sometimes)

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5
Q

Proteins

A

A chain of amino acids bonded together with peptide bonds. Each amino acid matters in the overall structure with different proteins having different orders

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6
Q

What determines protein structure

A

The given amino acid sequence, the interactions, other proteins and environmental factors

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7
Q

Protein Denaturation

A

Breakdown of proteins, losing their native shape becomes biologically inactive, can be caused by heat or chemical reactions

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8
Q

Macromolecules

A

large organic molecules

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9
Q

4 Classes of Macromolecules

A

Lipids, Carbohydrates, Proteins and Nucleic Acids

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10
Q

Polymer and Monomer

A

Polymer: many monomers joined by dehydration reactions

Monomer: smaller molecule, creates building blocks of larger ones

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11
Q

Polymer Synthesis

A

Dehydration reaction, H2O released and two monomers join

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12
Q

Polymer Breakdown

A

Hydrolysis, Adding water to molecule to break previous bond

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13
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Sugars, polymers of sugars

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14
Q

Monosaccharides

A

is a type of sugar, molecular formulas that are some multiple of the unit CH2O, Glucose is the most common, has a carbonyl group and a whole bunch of hydroxyl groups

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15
Q

Disaccharide

A

two monosaccharides joined

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16
Q

Glycosidic linkage

A

a covalent bond between two monosacc. by a dehydration rxn. happens between an exterior OH group on each molecule, they release H2O and leave an oxygen bonded to each in the middle

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17
Q

Polysaccharides

A

macromolecules, polymers with a shitload of monosacc’s joined by glycosidic linkages

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18
Q

Storage Polysaccharides

A

stored sugars for later use, plants store starch within cellular structures called plastids (like chloroplasts), animals use glycogen

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19
Q

Structural Polysaccharides

A

EG. cellulose, strong materials for use in things like plant cell walls, can link together to form fibres that are strong

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20
Q

Lipids

A

doesnt really include polymers, they are just mostly hydrophobic, not many other similarities

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21
Q

Fats

A

constructed from glycerol and three fatty acids ester linked to each of the three carbons in glycerol

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22
Q

Glycerol

A

Alcohol with three carbons each having a hydroxyl group

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23
Q

Fatty Acid

A

Has a long carbon skeleton, one end has a carboxyl group. Mostly hydrophobic because C-H bonds are not very polar

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24
Q

Ester linkage

A

dehydration rxn between hydroxyl group and carboxyl group

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25
Q

Saturated Fatty Acids

A

Fatty acid with no double bonds btwn carbon atoms, as many hydrogen atoms as possible are bonded to the carbon skeleton, tails are flexible and allw them to pack together tightly, are solid at room temp

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26
Q

Unsat. fatty acids

A

Fatty acids with one fewer hydrogen atom on each double bonded carbon atom, causes a kink in the fatty acid structure, means they are liquid at room temp

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27
Q

Phospholipid

A

similar to fat molecule but only has two fatty acids attahced to glycerol rather than 3, third is taken by a phosphate group which is polar

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28
Q

Phospholipid properties

A

one end is hydrophobic (tails) and one end is hydrophilic (phosphate “head”), when added to water they form a bilayer, the heads on the outside and the tails on the inside

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29
Q

Steroids

A

lipids with carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings, distinguished by the particular chemical groups attached to these rings

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30
Q

Cholesterol

A

type of steroid, common component of animal cell membranes

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31
Q

Catalysts

A

chemicals that can speed up reactions without being consumed in the process

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32
Q

amino acid

A

contains an amino group (NH2) and a carboxyl group (COOH) bonded to a central carbon atom with a functional chain and a hydrogen bonded to it

33
Q

alpha carbon

A

central carbon of an amino acid

34
Q

Gene

A

programs the amino acid sequence of a protein, consists of DNA

35
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Polymers made of monomers called nucleotides

36
Q

Types of nucleic acids

A

DNA and RNA

37
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

38
Q

RNA

A

ribonucleic acid

39
Q

Gene expression

A

DNA using RNA to control protein synthesis

40
Q

Components of Nucleic Acids

A

polymers called polynucleotides, composed of nucleotides.
Each nucleotide consists of a five carbon sugar (pentose), a nitrogenous base (contains nitrogen) and one to three phosphate groups, two end up lost during polymerization

41
Q

pyrimidine

A

one six membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms, Members are Cytosine (C), Thymine (T), Uracil (U)

42
Q

Purine

A

Six member ring fused to a group tat links the sugars of two nucleotides, Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)

43
Q

Only places Thymine is Found

A

DNA

44
Q

Only places Uracil is Found

A

RNA

45
Q

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine is found?

A

DNA and RNA

46
Q

Nucleotide Polymers

A

Page 133

47
Q

DNA and RNA Structures

A

have two polynucleotides or “strands”. Wind around an axis creating a double helix. The two sugar phosphate backbones run in opposite directions (3’ and 5’) with the bases paired towards the interior of the structure, called antiparallel

48
Q

Organelles

A

membrane bound structures within eukaryotes

49
Q

Cytosol

A

semifluid jelly-like substance inside all cells, sub-cellular components are suspended inside

50
Q

Stuff that all cells contain

A

Cytosol, Chromosomes, ribosomes

51
Q

DNA in pro/eu karyotes

A

prokaryotes have DNA in a general region called the nucleoid, not membrane enclosed

Eukaryotes have it inside the nucleus

52
Q

Cytoplasm

A

region between the nucleus and plasma membrane inside the cell

53
Q

Size of cells

A

Eukaryotes are ususally much bigger than prokaryotes

54
Q

Plasma membrane

A

selective barrier allowing passage of enough oxygen, nutrients etc to service cell

55
Q

membranes

A

basic fabric of most is double layer of phospholipids and other lipids that have proteins embedded in one side or through both sides
each is unique

56
Q

Flagellum

A

motility structure present in some aimal cells, composed of a cluster of microtubules within an extension of the plasma membrane

57
Q

Centrosome

A

region where the cells microtubules are initiated, contains a pair of centrioles

58
Q

centriole

A

helps organize the microtubules that serve as the cell skeleton

59
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

reinforces cell shape, functions in cell movement, components are made of protein, parts include; microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

60
Q

plasma membrane

A

membrane enclosing cell

61
Q

peroxisome

A

various metabolic functions, produces hydrogen peroxide as a by product then converts it to water

62
Q

ribosome

A

Complexes that make proteins; free in cytosol or bound to rough ER or nuclear envelope

63
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

active in synthesis, modificaiton, sorting and secretion of cell products

64
Q

Lysosome

A

digestive organelle where macromoluecules are hydrolyzed (broken down)

65
Q

ER

A

network of membranous sacs and tubes, active in membrane synthesis and other synthetic and metabolic processes. Has a rough section studded with ribosomes and a smooth section

66
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

double membrane enclosing the nucleus, perforated by pores, continuous with ER, double membrane consists of two separate lipid bilayers with associated proteins, separated by a small space, perforated by pore structures that regulates entry and exit of RNA and proteins as well as macromolecules

67
Q

Nucleolus

A

non-membranous structure involved in production of ribosomes, nucleus has one or more nucleoli

68
Q

chromatin

A

material consisting of DNA and proteins, visible in a dividing cell as individual condensed chromosomes

69
Q

Central vacuoule

A

prominent in older plant cells, functions include storage, breakdown of waste products and hydrolysis of macromolecules, enlargement of the vacuoule is major mechanism of plant growth

70
Q

chloroplast

A

photosynthetic organelle, converts energy of sunlight to chemical energy stored in sugar molecules

71
Q

nuclear lamina

A

netlike array or protein filament structures that help the nucleus maintain its general structure and shape, called intermediate filaments that maintain the shape of the nucleus by supporting the nuclear envelope

72
Q

chromosomes

A

structures that carry genetic information, one long DNA molecule associated with the creation of many proteins.

73
Q

ribosomes

A

complexes made of ribosomal RNAs and proteins are the cellular components that carry out protein synthesis (NOT MEMBRANE BOUND). (not considered organelles). More ribosomes= more proteins and tend to have larger nucleoli,

74
Q

Free ribosomes

A

Free to move around in the cytoplasm, mostly make proteins for use in the cytoplasm

75
Q

Bound ribosomes

A

bound to the Rough ER, functionally identical to the free ribosomes generally make proteins that are inserted into membranes or into digestive organelles like lysosomes or for export out of the cell (communication proteins)

76
Q

ER

A

extensive network of membranes, consists of network of membranous tubules and sacs called cisternae, ER membrane separates internal compartment of the ER called the cisternal space from the cytosol

77
Q

Smooth ER

A

outer surface of the ER that lacks ribosomes, functions with metabolic processes like synthesis of lipids, sex hormones. some enzymes it makes help to detox cells

78
Q

Rough ER

A

inner surface studded with ribosomes, appears rough through the electron microscope, functions to

79
Q
A

BIOL 1103 (1 decks)

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