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Biomechanics > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Acceleration

A

a vector quantity representing the rate of change in velocity with respect to time, in magnitude and direction

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2
Q

Angular motion

A

a form of motion whereby all parts of an object do not experience the same displacement. This motion occurs when a point, line, or body is rotated in a specified direction and about a specified axis

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3
Q

Center of Mass (COM)

A

The point where if any plane passes through it, the sum of the mass moments is zero

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4
Q

Displacement

A

vector quantity representing the difference in position of two positions. in magnitude and direction represented in meters

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5
Q

Linear Motion

A

motion in one dimension in a straight line

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6
Q

Position

A

scalar quantity, location of object relative to some reference (m)

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7
Q

velocity

A

vector quantity, the rate of change in position with respect to time (m/s) in magnitude and direction

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8
Q

Formula for velocity

A

Velocity = (n+1) - (n) / t

n= frame number
t= time between frames

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9
Q

Formula for acceleration

A

Acceleration = Y velocity (n+1) - Y velocity (n) / t

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10
Q

Lower Limb Angle formula

A

Lower limb angle (n) = 90 + Tan-1 (Ankle X - Knee X / Knee Y - Ankle Y)

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11
Q

Magnitude

A

number or value, assigned to something, such that it may be compared to other numerically

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12
Q

Peak-to-peak amplitude

A

is the change between peak and trough

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13
Q

frequency

A

number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit of time, usually measured in hertz )Hz) and represented as cycles/second

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14
Q

Conversion Factor

A

change in weight/change in voltage
(283.75)

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15
Q

Concentric Contraction

A

muscle contraction in which the moment created by muscle is greater than the moment created by external loads, resulting in a shortening of the muscle

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16
Q

Eccentric Contraction

A

a muscle contraction in which in the moment created by muscle is less than the moment created by external loads, resulting in a lengthening of the muscle

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17
Q

Isometric contraction

A

muscle contraction in which the moment created by muscle is equal to the moment created by external loads, resulting in no change of the muscle

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18
Q

isokinetic contraction

A

a muscle contraction in which the angular velocity of the displaced body segment is constant (i.e., no angular acceleration)

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19
Q

Isotonic Contraction

A

a muscle contraction in which a muscle contracts and does work against a constant load

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20
Q

electromyography

A

the assessment of muscle activity by measurement of action potential

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21
Q

what is MVC?

A

Maximum voluntary contraction

22
Q

foot contact duration formula

A

foot lift time - foot contact time

23
Q

% of foot contact formula

A

burst duration/contact duration x 100

24
Q

% of MVC formula

A

burst magnitude/MVC x 100

25
Q

Kinetics

A

description of motion of a body in terms of the forces that cause the motion

26
Q

Force

A

mechanical interaction between an object and its surroundings (N)

27
Q

Force Platform

A

instrument used to measure the reaction forces in three dimensions and moments about three axes

28
Q

Law of acceleration

A

force is the product of an object’s mass and acceleration (F= m x a)

29
Q

Law of Action-Reaction

A

for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

30
Q

Moment of force

A

the product of a force and its perpendicular distance to a point causing rotation about that point

31
Q

Gravity

A

Force of attraction between an object and a planet, 9.81m/s^2

32
Q

Weight

A

the amount of gravitational attraction between an object and earth

33
Q

Ground Reaction Force (GFR)

A

Reaction force provided by the horizontal support surface on an object subjected to gravitational forces

34
Q

why is sampling frequency important?

A

matching speed of movement with frequency/ how many data points /second

35
Q

Right hand rule

A

put thumb in the positive axis that the moment occurs about, fingers point in direction of positive rotation

36
Q

zero-off

A

before taking measurement

37
Q

zero-on

A

when standing on force plate (subjects body weight gets zeroed)

38
Q

Normalization

A

divide forces by body weight, this makes it so we can measure everyone on an even playing field

39
Q

two characteristics of the forces that differentiate between walking speed?

A
  1. magnitude is greater when walking faster
  2. peak definition (shorter heel strike to toe off/ compressed)
40
Q

Two characteristics of the forces that differentiate between walking & running?

A
  1. One active peak in Fz when running (when running double support is replaced by flight phase)
  2. shorter time + increased magnitude
41
Q

Agonists and Antagonists

A
  • agonists is muscles that are creating the same joint movement
  • antagonists are muscles opposing or producing opposite joint movement
42
Q

Stabilizers and Neutralizers

A
  • stabilizers act to stabilize one joint so they desired movement can be performed in another joint (these muscles usually aren’t directly involved in a movement)
  • Neutralizers work to prevent the unwanted movement of a body part, they act to cancel out an unwanted line of pull from the agonist/prime mover
43
Q

Rate of loading

A

start of heel contact to start of impact peak
RoL= impact peak - initial force /time it took

44
Q

Tensile Forces

A

pull joint apart

45
Q

Compressive Forces

A

pushes joint together

46
Q

Joint Reaction Force

A

Net force acting across the joint

47
Q

Ground Reaction Force

A

the individual pushes against the ground with force, and the ground pushes back against the individual with equal and opposite force

48
Q

Coplanar

A

forces all acting in the same plane

49
Q

Collinear

A

forces acting in the same line (same line of action)

50
Q

Linear Envelope

A

Low pass filter
removes noise and isolates emg

51
Q

Shapes to find area

A

a=bh/2

Biomechanics (2 decks)

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