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Biomechanics > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

Acceleration

A

a vector quantity representing the rate of change in velocity with respect to time, in magnitude and direction

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2
Q

Angular motion

A

a form of motion whereby all parts of an object do not experience the same displacement. This motion occurs when a point, line, or body is rotated in a specified direction and about a specified axis

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3
Q

Center of Mass (COM)

A

The point where if any plane passes through it, the sum of the mass moments is zero

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4
Q

Displacement

A

vector quantity representing the difference in position of two positions. in magnitude and direction represented in meters

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5
Q

Linear Motion

A

motion in one dimension in a straight line

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6
Q

Position

A

scalar quantity, location of object relative to some reference (m)

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7
Q

velocity

A

vector quantity, the rate of change in position with respect to time (m/s) in magnitude and direction

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8
Q

Formula for velocity

A

Velocity = (n+1) - (n) / t

n= frame number
t= time between frames

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9
Q

Formula for acceleration

A

Acceleration = Y velocity (n+1) - Y velocity (n) / t

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10
Q

Lower Limb Angle formula

A

Lower limb angle (n) = 90 + Tan-1 (Ankle X - Knee X / Knee Y - Ankle Y)

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11
Q

Magnitude

A

number or value, assigned to something, such that it may be compared to other numerically

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12
Q

Peak-to-peak amplitude

A

is the change between peak and trough

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13
Q

frequency

A

number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit of time, usually measured in hertz )Hz) and represented as cycles/second

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14
Q

Conversion Factor

A

change in weight/change in voltage
(283.75)

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15
Q

Concentric Contraction

A

muscle contraction in which the moment created by muscle is greater than the moment created by external loads, resulting in a shortening of the muscle

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16
Q

Eccentric Contraction

A

a muscle contraction in which in the moment created by muscle is less than the moment created by external loads, resulting in a lengthening of the muscle

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17
Q

Isometric contraction

A

muscle contraction in which the moment created by muscle is equal to the moment created by external loads, resulting in no change of the muscle

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18
Q

isokinetic contraction

A

a muscle contraction in which the angular velocity of the displaced body segment is constant (i.e., no angular acceleration)

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19
Q

Isotonic Contraction

A

a muscle contraction in which a muscle contracts and does work against a constant load

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20
Q

electromyography

A

the assessment of muscle activity by measurement of action potential

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21
Q

what is MVC?

Study These Flashcards
A

Maximum voluntary contraction

22
Q

foot contact duration formula

Study These Flashcards
A

foot lift time - foot contact time

23
Q

% of foot contact formula

Study These Flashcards
A

burst duration/contact duration x 100

24
Q

% of MVC formula

Study These Flashcards
A

burst magnitude/MVC x 100

25
Kinetics
description of motion of a body in terms of the forces that cause the motion
26
Force
mechanical interaction between an object and its surroundings (N)
27
Force Platform
instrument used to measure the reaction forces in three dimensions and moments about three axes
28
Law of acceleration
force is the product of an object's mass and acceleration (F= m x a)
29
Law of Action-Reaction
for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
30
Moment of force
the product of a force and its perpendicular distance to a point causing rotation about that point
31
Gravity
Force of attraction between an object and a planet, 9.81m/s^2
32
Weight
the amount of gravitational attraction between an object and earth
33
Ground Reaction Force (GFR)
Reaction force provided by the horizontal support surface on an object subjected to gravitational forces
34
why is sampling frequency important?
matching speed of movement with frequency/ how many data points /second
35
Right hand rule
put thumb in the positive axis that the moment occurs about, fingers point in direction of positive rotation
36
zero-off
before taking measurement
37
zero-on
when standing on force plate (subjects body weight gets zeroed)
38
Normalization
divide forces by body weight, this makes it so we can measure everyone on an even playing field
39
two characteristics of the forces that differentiate between walking speed?
1. magnitude is greater when walking faster 2. peak definition (shorter heel strike to toe off/ compressed)
40
Two characteristics of the forces that differentiate between walking & running?
1. One active peak in Fz when running (when running double support is replaced by flight phase) 2. shorter time + increased magnitude
41
Agonists and Antagonists
- agonists is muscles that are creating the same joint movement - antagonists are muscles opposing or producing opposite joint movement
42
Stabilizers and Neutralizers
- stabilizers act to stabilize one joint so they desired movement can be performed in another joint (these muscles usually aren't directly involved in a movement) - Neutralizers work to prevent the unwanted movement of a body part, they act to cancel out an unwanted line of pull from the agonist/prime mover
43
Rate of loading
start of heel contact to start of impact peak RoL= impact peak - initial force /time it took
44
Tensile Forces
pull joint apart
45
Compressive Forces
pushes joint together
46
Joint Reaction Force
Net force acting across the joint
47
Ground Reaction Force
the individual pushes against the ground with force, and the ground pushes back against the individual with equal and opposite force
48
Coplanar
forces all acting in the same plane
49
Collinear
forces acting in the same line (same line of action)
50
Linear Envelope
Low pass filter removes noise and isolates emg
51
Shapes to find area
a=bh/2

Biomechanics (2 decks)

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