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SOC 225 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Norms

A

socially acceptable rules; internalized rules of society
- you don’t think about social norms unless they are called into question
- we get socialized and learn these norms from a really young age

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2
Q

Deviance

A

any behaviour that violates social norms

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3
Q

Natural Attitude

A

we go through our daily life without thinking about it because we have internalized the norms of society
- it is only when our natural attitude is interrupted and we see something deviant that we engage with it

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4
Q

Elements of Deviance

A
  1. Socially Constructed
  2. Contextual
  3. Culturally Relative
  4. The concept and definition changes overtime
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5
Q

Deviance is Socially Constructed

A

nothing is naturally deviant
- what is defined as real is real in it’s consequences

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6
Q

Deviance is Contextual

A

cross-checking someone in sport like hockey vs. cross-checking someone on the bus

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7
Q

Deviance is Culturally Relative

A

how you greet someone; shaking hands vs. a kiss on the cheek
- how you greet someone here might be weird or disrespectful in a different country

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8
Q

The concept and definition of deviance changes over time

A

seatbelts, marijuana, tattoos, phones

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9
Q

How we learn

A
  1. Observation
  2. Imitation
  3. Feedback
  4. Direct Instruction
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10
Q

Observation

A

observing other people

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11
Q

Imitation (feedback loop)

A

we are social animals and so we imitate others so we feel like we belong

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12
Q

Feedback

A
  • being stated at or it could be more overt like a verbal intervention
  • controversy shapes our behaviour
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13
Q

Breaching Experiments

A

have people go around and violate norms and see what the reactions of people were

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14
Q

Direct Instruction

A

being told what the expectations are

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15
Q

Defining Deviance ABC’s

A

Attitudes
Behaviours
Conditions

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16
Q

Attitudes

A
  • Alternative attitudes or belief systems may brand people deviant
    • Ie- supernatural; the occult, satanists, fundamentalists, flat earth
      Extreme political attitudes; leftists, rightists, terroists
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17
Q

Behaviours

A
  • Most familiar to people- people are considered deviant for their actions- what they do
    • Ie; dress, speech, engaging in kinky sex, murder
    • Behaviours have an achieved deviant status
    • They can try to eschew the deviant label by changing their behaviour but this is difficult
      Ie; labels given in highschol such as jock are hard to get rid off, or ex-con, pervert
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18
Q

Conditions

A

Something you can’t do anything about, you acquire this label from birth, did nothing to earn it
- From biology, psychology or family environment
- Nothing inherently deviant in there statuses
Something that you are, not something that you’ve done

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19
Q

Caveat

A

a warning or proviso of specific stipulations, conditions, or limitations

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20
Q

Social Harmfulness

A

people commonly assume that deviance is only harmful behaviour and should be controlled or prevented for that reason
1. Physical Argument
2. Social Reality Argument

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21
Q

Physical Argument

A

deviance causes physical damage to the other people or objects
- smoking marijuana was socially constructed to control cannabis use and control people that use it

Problem with this argument is it does not account for positive deviance

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22
Q

Social Reality Argument

A

-harmful because it is ‘world destroying’
- shakes up the assumptions that make life orderly, understandable, and meaningful
- changes how we live and interact

Problem
1. Not all deviance is harmful in the same way]
2. Some conduct labeled deviant is less harmful that that which is not
3. Some deviance that’s harmful is celebrated and the perpetrator is held in high regard
Ie; Individuals who are highly aggressive, but are celebrated in their sports
4. Cant deal with positive outcomes of deviance (Silver Lining Effect)
At the very least the punishment of deviance impresses upon society the value of conformity

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23
Q

Silver Lining Effect

A

the positive aspect to deviance

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24
Q

Legal Definition of Crime

A

is what the law proclaims it to be and a crime is an act punishable by law
- most common definition

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25
Q

Actus Reus

A

the act of crime

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26
Q

Mens Rea

A

the mental aspect; how we form the cognition to engage in that behaviour

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27
Q

Dark Figure Crime

A

unreported crime; causes us to not get the full picture

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28
Q

Why don’t people report crime?

A
  • acquaintance of the person
  • too minor
  • feelings of shame
  • bribery
  • situation might get worse if you do report it
  • being part of a marginalized group
  • it’s a hassle
  • already reported to another official
  • personal matter
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29
Q

Ages most likely to be involved in crime

A

18-24

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30
Q

Assault Level 1

A

does not involve the use of a weapon or cause bodily harm

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31
Q

Assault Level 2

A

Involves bodily harm

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32
Q

Assault Level 3

A

Severe Bodily Harm

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33
Q

What research requires ethical clearance

A

involving human subjects

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34
Q

Triagencies

A

three major bodies in Canada that give money to researchers to conduct research, ensure ethics

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35
Q

Nuremberg Trials

A

trials after WWII regarding what German physicians were doing during the holocaust, conducting experiments on captives just to see what would happen
- there was no oversight for this research which led to very unethical behaviour
- their defence was that they were just “following orders

36
Q

Voluntary Consent

A

must be obtained and the benefits of the research must outweigh the risks

37
Q

10 Standards of Nuremberg Code

A
  1. Volunteers must freely consent to participate
  2. Researchers fully inform volunteers concerning the study
  3. Risks associated with the study are reduced where possible
  4. researcher are responsible for protecting participants against remote harms
  5. Participants can with draw from the study at any time
  6. Qualified researchers conduct the study
  7. Cessation of the study if adverse effects emerge
  8. Society should benefit from the study findings
  9. Research on humans, should be based on previous animal research or other previous work
  10. A research study should Neve begin if there is reason to believe that death or injury may result
38
Q

Declaration of Helsinki

A

In 1964, the world medical association established recommendations guiding research involving human subjects

Issues addressed:
1. research protocols should be reviewed by an independent committee prior to initiation
2. Informed consent is necessary
3. Research should be conducted by medically/scientifically quality field individuals
4. Benefits must outweigh the risks

39
Q

Tuskegee Study

A
  • didn’t obtain informed consent from participants
  • referred to it as treating bad blood which could be a lot of different illnesses
  • didn’t actually treat patients
  • tricked participants essentially
40
Q

Tearoom Trade Study

A
  • laud humphries
  • wanted to determine what bathrooms were being used for homosexual sex
  • he pretended to be a lookout for the men engaging in this and then he would record their licence plates and follow up by watching them and even showing up at their houses
  • this was during a time when it was dangerous to be a gay man
  • didn’t obtain consent and lied to unknowing participants
41
Q

Canadian Uniform Crime Reports

A

goal is to provide uniform and comparable national statistics
- benefits because it is based on rates
- allows for comparisons between jurisdictions or overtime
- is not influenced by differences in population size, or changes in population size in one jurisdiction
- not completely accurate as not all crimes are reported (dark figure crime)
- not all crimes are obvious, some people don’t even know they are victims (fraud or leaked info)
- UCR can give us a glimpse of a general trend but not overly accurate due to the vast number of crimes that go unreported

42
Q

What Factors can influence Crime Rate?

A
  • economy; people may result to criminal means to meet their needs if the economy is suffering
  • how we deal with crime and how police intervene in crime and criminality
  • demographic changes
43
Q

What crimes are most likely to be reported?

A

crimes that constitute a financial loss because you need a police report to go through insurance

44
Q

How might we get a better picture of the amount and type of crime in Canadian Society?

A
  1. Victimization studies
  2. Self report studies
  3. Participant and non participant observation
45
Q

Victimization Studies

A
  • cannot capture the dark figure crime
  • this data shows that more Canadians are victimized that is revealed by official statistics
    -some categories are less likely to be reported like family members
  • provide data on costs on victimization, financial losses, physical injures, and fear
  • data allows us to explore various dimensions of seriousness
46
Q

General Social Survey

A

one of the largest victimization surveys in Canada
- found that fraud is the most common crime

47
Q

Why is Fraud so Widespread?

A

-new technologies
- wide spread use of the internet
- changes have disrupted the way crime manifests itself with technologies providing criminals with new opportunities

48
Q

Ages most likely to be victims of violent crime

A

18-24

49
Q

Limitations of Victimization Surveys

A
  • always tell the truth?
  • cannot measure some crimes (homicide)
  • very costly
    -sampling problem; it’s only people who have a phone
50
Q

Participant Observation

A

getting involved in the activity

51
Q

Non-participant Observation

A

being an observer and not being involved in the activity

52
Q

The Ethnographic Process

A
  • finding a sight to do research at
  • gaining access
53
Q

Grounded Theory

A
  • a qualitative research methodology that attempts to unravel the meanings of people’s interactions, social actions, and experiences
  • uses an inductive method
54
Q

Induction

A

deriving new theories from data

55
Q

Deduction

A

coming up with a hypothesis then trying to prove or disprove it through data collection

56
Q

Gate Keeper

A
  • introduce researcher to situations and people
  • cross check information
  • provide the skills to fit in like language or vocabulary
57
Q

Most Common Crime according to the UCR

A
  1. Theft under $5000
  2. Drug offences
  3. Administration of justice issues
    - failure to appear in court, breach of probation
  4. Common Assault- Level 1
58
Q

Self Report

A
  • most common subjects are students
  • one fo the ways we get at the individuals who are experiencing the phenomena we are interested in
59
Q

Limitations of Self Report

A
  • those who are typically law abiding are more likely to report their occasional infractions compared to more serious or chronic offenders
  • respondents tend to report minor infractions and downplay more serious infractions
  • some demographic groups are more apt to underreport criminal behaviour
  • it is often difficult to survey serious, chronic offenders
60
Q

In depth Interviews

A

open ended questions
finding a sample

limitation; some individuals aren’t very conversational

61
Q

Snowball Sampling

A

finding one person, interview them, and ask if they know anyone else you can talk to

62
Q

Correlates of crime

A

variables that are connected with crime
- a phenomenon that accompanies another phenomenon and is related in some way to it

63
Q

Third Variable Problem

A

there has to be another variable in play that is causing the phenomena we are looking at

64
Q

Correlation

A
  • a relationship between two or more variables
  • can be positive or negative
65
Q

Negative Correlation

A

a reduction in one thing due to the other

66
Q

Positive Correlation

A

an increase in one thing due to the other

67
Q

Strongest Correlates of Crime

A

Age and Sex
- ‘young mans game’
-how we construct an issue determines how we interact with it and govern it

68
Q

When we define something as real, it becomes…

A

real in it’s consequences

69
Q

CR reveals peak age for crime is

A

17-19

70
Q

Social Constructions

A

something that is brought into existence by groups of people and is accepted as true by that group
- people go about their lives without questioning the validity of these constructions and believe it to be inherently true

71
Q

Crime of children under 12 are handled through

A

the child welfare system

72
Q

maturational reform

A

people are less likely to commit crime as they grow older

73
Q

Adolescence

A
  • time of transition
  • develop attachments
  • commitments
  • more restraints
  • more status, crime ‘costs’ more
  • added ‘stake’ in conformity
  • more likely integrated into society
  • impact of peers
74
Q

What theories best explain desistance?

A

Social Control Theory

Rational Choice Theory

75
Q

Social Control Theory and Crime

A
  • changes in school, romantic involvement, peers, cognitive function
  • peer association was the strongest factor
  • being associated with more delinquent peers, explains a higher chance of being involved in crime
76
Q

Rational Choice Theory and Crime

A

cost and benefit and crime

77
Q

Gender

A

the socially-derived contracts that describe the categories of ‘men’ and ‘women’ including expected behaviours, roles, and attributes
- overtime, the concept of gender has changed from a duality to a continuum
- much more fluid
- gender is culturally relative, like two-spirited in the indigenous community

78
Q

Gender and Crime

A

males are overrepresented among offenders
- females are less likely to be charged with criminal offences

79
Q

Women and Crime

A

fraud and theft have the most female representation

80
Q

Women and Murder

A
  • both males and females are more likely to be killed by males

Victims of female acts of violence are typically:
1. The spouse or some other intimate partner
2. A family member

81
Q

Bechdel Test

A

Is there at least two women featured

Do these women speak to each other

Do these two women discuss anything other than a man?

82
Q

Poverty and Crime

A

historically, the working and immigrant classes have been seen as responsible for crime; they re refereed to as the ‘dangerous class’, ‘criminal class’ or ‘underclass’

83
Q

Socioeconomic Status and Crime

A

Correlations are:
1. People at the margins of society
2. The unemployed
3. People in poverty, with little education or dependency

  • middle and upper class crime systematically escaped official notice
  • people with low SES are overrepresented in police-reported statistics
  • different classes are involved in different crime because they have different opportunities to commit crimes
84
Q

Race and Crime

A

some minority groups are overrepresented in police reported crime statistics in Canada

85
Q
A

SOC 225 (1 decks)

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