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Animal Anatomy And Physiology > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the relationship between anatomy and physiology?

A

Both rely on each other. Form (anatomy) determines function (physiology).

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2
Q

What is anatomy?

A

The study of the physical structure, morphology, or form of organisms or their parts.

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3
Q

Anatomical terms are used to indicate: ___ and ___

A

Direction and location

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4
Q

One word that defines anatomy?

A

Form

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5
Q

What is physiology?

A

The branch of biology concerned with the way in which organisms, systems, organs, cells, organelles, and bio-molecules carry out their chemical or physical functions.

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6
Q

One word defining physiology?

A

Function

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7
Q

What are the four fields of anatomy?

A
  1. Gross anatomy
  2. Microscopic anatomy
  3. Developmental anatomy
  4. Applied anatomy
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8
Q

Two fields of Gross Anatomy?

A
  1. Systemically : organ systems
  2. Regionally : look at area where something happens
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9
Q

Two fields of Microscopic Anatomy?

A
  1. Cytology: study of cells
  2. Histology: study of tissues
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10
Q

What is Developmental Anatomy?

A

The development from fertilization to maturity

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11
Q

What is Applied Anatomy?

A

The structure and function

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12
Q

Is Anatomy static or dynamic?

A

Static

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13
Q

Is Physiology static or dynamic?

A

Dynamic

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14
Q

Define Biochemistry.

A

The branch of science concerned with the structure characteristics, properties, and actions of the molecules involved in all of the chemical and physiochemical processes occurring within living organisms.

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15
Q

True or False: It’s argued that biochemistry is essentially anatomy and physiology at the molecular level

A

True

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16
Q

What is the smallest unit to carry out chemical reactions?

A

Molecules

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17
Q

Situated in front of or in the front of another part

A

Anterior

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18
Q

Pertaining to the head or anterior portion of the body

A

Cranial

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19
Q

Situated or occurring near the oral or nasal region

A

Rostral

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20
Q

Situated behind or toward the rear or behind another part

A

Posterior

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21
Q

Pertaining to the tail or posterior portion of the body

A

Caudal

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22
Q

Toward the belly

A

Ventral

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23
Q

Toward the back surface of the body

A

Dorsal

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24
Q

Pertaining to the middle; closer to the median plane or to the midline of the body or structure

A

Medial

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25
Q

Denoting a position farther from the median plane or midline of the body or of a structure

A

Lateral

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26
Q

List the organization of living organisms.

A

Molecules —> Organelles —> Cells —> Tissues —> Organs —> Organ Systems —> Organisms

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27
Q

What is a molecule?

A

Two or more atoms linked together, and the smallest unit to carry out chemical reactions

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28
Q

What is an organelle?

A

Specialized parts that make up cells

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29
Q

What is a cell?

A

Basic unit of life

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30
Q

What are tissues?

A

Group of cells similarly anatomically with specific functions

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31
Q

What are organs?

A

Group of two or more tissues that work together and carry out specific functions

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32
Q

What is an organ system?

A

Integration of different organs to carry out major functions

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33
Q

List the 4 tissues organs are made up of:

A
  1. Nervous
  2. Muscle
  3. Connective
  4. Epithelial
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34
Q

List the 11 organ systems:

A
  1. Integumentary
  2. Circulatory
  3. Digestive
  4. Endocrine
  5. Excretory
  6. Immune
  7. Muscular
  8. Nervous
  9. Reproductive
  10. Respiratory
  11. Skeletal
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35
Q

What two organ systems does the pancreas use?

A

Endocrine and Digestive

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36
Q

What 2 organ systems does the heart use?

A

Cardiovascular and Muscular

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37
Q

What happens if one system does not do their job?

A

Other organ systems could not function properly or at all, and could lead to death.

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38
Q

What are the primary organs of the Integumentary System?

A

Skin and its derivatives (hair, feathers, nails)

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39
Q

What are the primary organs of the Muscular System?

A

Striated/Voluntary/Skeletal muscle (meat); Smooth/Visceral muscle; Cardiac muscle (tendons)

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40
Q

What is striated muscle?

A

Voluntary neural input

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41
Q

What is cardiac muscle?

A

Involuntary neural input, and only located in the heart

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42
Q

What are the primary organs of the Skeletal System?

A

Bones, cartilage, and ligaments

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43
Q

Primary organs of the Digestive System:

A

Esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

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44
Q

Differences between ruminants and monogastrics:

A

Ruminants:
-have symbiotic relationship with microbes
-have volatile fatty acids to help balance energy

Monogastrics:
-do not have relationship with microbes
-use glucose to balance energy

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45
Q

Primary organs of the Cardiovascular System:

A

Heart, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins

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46
Q

Primary organs of the Respiratory System:

A

Larynx, trachea, syrinx, primary bronchi, and lungs

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47
Q

What other primary organ do avians (birds) have that mammals do not?

A

Air sacs

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48
Q

How many air sacs do avians have?

A

7 or 9

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49
Q

Primary organs of the Excretory System:

A

Kidneys and ureters

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50
Q

What waste do mammals excrete out, and how much energy is required for this?

A

Urea and needs higher levels of water to excrete; does not need a lot of energy

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51
Q

What waste do avians excrete out, and how much energy is require for this?

A

Uric acid, and requires little water to rid it; needs higher energy levels to excrete

52
Q

What do fish excrete out and how much energy is needed to do so?

A

Ammonia and are inefficient in using water to solubilite amino groups; needs little to no energy

53
Q

Primary organs of the Nervous system:

A

Brain, spinal cord, motor, sensory neurons, and photoreceptors

54
Q

Two primary organs that make up the Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Brain and spinal cord

55
Q

Primary organs of Endocrine System

A

Hypothal amus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, ultimobranchial gland, pancreas, liver, ovaries, and testes

56
Q

Primary organs of Reproductive System:

A

Hypothalamus, anterior pituitary and either testes, epididymis, vas deferens and papilla, or ovary and oviduct

57
Q

What is artificial insemination?

A

Causes reproductive problems

58
Q

What is oviparous?

A

Embryo is formed outside the body; example: chicken laying eggs

59
Q

What is viviparous?

A

Embryo is formed inside the body; example: mammal (cow)

60
Q

Primary organs of Immune System:

A

Thymus, spleen, Peyers patches in intestine, harderian gland in eye sockets, and bursa of fabricius in avians

61
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Use of nutrients for maintenance, growth, and production

62
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Ability of an animal to maintain constant internal conditions and function under external fluctuating conditions; key for maintenance of life; negative feedback system

63
Q

3 main components of feedback system:

A
  1. Receptors
  2. Control Center
  3. Effector
64
Q

2 sections of limbs:

A
  1. Thoracic
  2. Relvic
65
Q

3 cavities of the cavity

A
  1. Thoracic
  2. Cranial
  3. Abdominal
66
Q

What are the six functions of the integumentary system?

A
  1. Barrier between internal structures and external environments
  2. Provides protection
  3. Insulation-thermoregulation
  4. Acts as receptors for sensory stimuli
  5. Synthesis of Vitamin D
  6. Non-verbal communication in animals
67
Q

What does the skin provide protection from?

A

Chemicals, bacteria, UV, and dehydration

68
Q

True or False: The integumentary system is the body’s largest organ.

A

True

69
Q

When there is higher risk of injury, the skin will be _____, and when sensitivity is required, the skin will be ____.

A

Thicker; thin

70
Q

What are the 3 skin layers?

A
  1. Epidermis
  2. Dermis
  3. Hypodermis
71
Q

What are the 4 types of cells in the epidermis?

A
  1. Keratinocytes
  2. Melanocytes
  3. Langerhans cells
  4. Merkel cells
72
Q

Where are keratinocytes located?

A

Stratum corneum

73
Q

Where are melanocytes located?

A

Stratum basale

74
Q

Where are Langerhans cells located?

A

Stratum spinosum

75
Q

Most abundant cell in the epidermis:

A

Keratinocytes

76
Q

What do melanocytes do?

A

Produce melanin; more abundant=darker skin; less abundant=lighter skin

77
Q

What are Langerhans cells?

A

Tissue-resident macrophages

78
Q

What are Merkel cells?

A

Mechanoreceptors essential for light touch; sense touch and send signals to brain

79
Q

What are the 5 layers of the Epidermis?

A
  1. Stratum corneum
  2. Stratum lucidum
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Stratum spinosum
  5. Stratum basale
80
Q

What two layers are part of Stratum Germinativum?

A

Stratum basale and Stratum spinosum

81
Q

What are the 3 type of cells in the Dermis?

A
  1. Fibroblasts
  2. Microphages
  3. Mast Cells
82
Q

What do fibroblasts do?

A

Synthesize extracellular matrix and collagen; protein to produce elastin for elasticity; important for wound healing

83
Q

What do microphages do?

A

Engulf and digest non-specific cells by phagocytosis; eat pathogens and destroy it

84
Q

What are Mast Cells?

A

Cells of connective tissue high in histamine and heparin

85
Q

What are the 3 layers of the Dermis?

A
  1. Papillary
  2. Dermal Papillae
  3. Reticular
86
Q

What is the Papillary layer?

A

The uppermost layer made of loosely arranged collagen fibers; provides nutrients to layers above it

87
Q

What is the Dermal Papillae layer?

A

Small extensions of dermis into epidermis; helps in wound healing and hair/feather follicle repair

88
Q

What is the Reticular layer?

A

Under the papillary; dense, irregular connective tissue; provides overall structure

89
Q

What kind of tissue is the Hypodermis made up of?

A

Subcutaneous tissue/subcutis

90
Q

3 cell types in the Hypodermis:

A
  1. Fibroblasts
  2. Adipose
  3. Macrophages
91
Q

What is cyanosis?

A

Poor oxygenation (blue-gray color)

92
Q

What is erythema?

A

Inflammation; hypertension

93
Q

What is pallor

A

Paleness

94
Q

What is jaundice?

A

Liver disorder (looks yellowish inside animal)

95
Q

What is bronzing?

A

Adrenal cortex problems (brownish color)

96
Q

What is bruising?

A

Hematomas

97
Q

What are the functions of hair?

A
  1. Thermoregulation
  2. Protection against injury
  3. Input of touch
98
Q

What is the structure of hair?

A
  1. Shaft
  2. Root
  3. Follicle
  4. Papillae
  5. Erect pili
  6. Oil glands
  7. Hair receptor
99
Q

What layer of the skin is the hair follicle found in?

A

Dermal layer

100
Q

What 3 things control hair growth?

A
  1. Hormones
  2. Neuropeptides
  3. Immune cells
101
Q

What does homeotherm mean?

A

Warm-blooded animals that control body temperature

102
Q

What does poikilotherm mean?

A

Cold-blooded animals that cannot control body temperature

103
Q

What are the 5 skin glands?

A
  1. Oil
  2. Sweat
  3. Scent
  4. Mammary
  5. Ceruminous
104
Q

What are the functions of the Circulatory System?

A
  1. Transports products and wastes
  2. Removes waste products from cells to areas of excrement
  3. Regulates body tissue water content
  4. Regulates body temperature
105
Q

What are the 3 vessels?

A
  1. Arteries
  2. Veins
  3. Capillaries
106
Q

What do arteries do?

A

Carries oxygenated blood

107
Q

What do veins do?

A

Carry non-oxygenated blood

108
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

Connect arterioles with venules, and exchange fluids and metabolites

109
Q

List these from largest to smallest: arterioles, arteries, and arterial capillaries

A
  1. Arteries
  2. Arterioles
  3. Arterial Capillaries
110
Q

List these from smallest to largest: venules, venous capillaries, and veins

A
  1. Venous Capillaries
  2. Venules
  3. Veins
111
Q

What are the 3 capillary types?

A
  1. Continuous
  2. Fenestrated
  3. Discontinuous
112
Q

What are the 4 valves of the heart?

A
  1. Aortic
  2. Pulmonary
  3. Left Atrioventricular
  4. Right Atrioventricular
113
Q

What are the 2 divided sections of the heart?

A
  1. Systemic
  2. Pulmonary
114
Q

What does the systemic side of the heart do?

A

Receives and distributes oxygenated blood, and has oxygen converted into carbon dioxide

115
Q

What happens in the pulmonary side of the heart?

A

Carbon dioxide is converted into oxygen

116
Q

What is the difference between tricuspid and bicuspid?

A

Tricuspid have 3 flaps, and bicuspid has 2 flaps

117
Q

The pulmonary artery carries ______ blood away from the heart.

A

Deoxygenated

118
Q

What are the 2 cardia outputs?

A
  1. Heart rate
  2. Stroke volume
119
Q

What are the hearts 3 main layers?

A
  1. Peri Cardium (outer)
  2. Myo Cardium
  3. Endo Cardium (inner-lining)
120
Q

What are the percentages of mass between the four chambers of the heart?

A
  1. Right atrium: 5%
  2. Left atrium: 5%
  3. Right ventricle: 20%
  4. Left ventricle: 70%
121
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

Decrease in diameter of vessels

122
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

Increase in diameter of vessels

123
Q

What are the 4 coronary vessels?

A
  1. Right coronary artery
  2. Left coronary artery
  3. Right coronary vein
  4. Left coronary vein
124
Q

What are portal systems?

A

2 capillary beds connected by portal vein

125
Q

What are the 2 portal systems?

A
  1. Hepatic
  2. Renal

Animal Anatomy And Physiology (1 decks)

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