Midterm 1 Flashcards
Medical errors 2
The importance of leadership in error prevention
Current literature shows an approachable
leader is essential to creating “an open and honest culture.”
This type of culture supports people when they have input, concerns, and questions. It also supports them when a medical error occurs.
Medical errors 2
List the consequences of medical errors with respect to:
Well-being
Attitude toward work
Gender differences
If smeone is getting down on themselves, they are more likely to make an error.
A positive attitude makes for a positive work space.
Females tend to be harder on themselves than males.
Medical errors 2
Describe the common reasons that veterinarians do – and do not – report near misses and adverse events.
The do it to uphold their sense of obligation but don’t if theydon’t feel the need because “nothing bad” happened.
MEdical errors 2
Provide a brief summary of the four pillars of quality improvement.
- Systems-based approach,
- Leadership commitment to quality,
- Medical error reporting;
- Improvement & implementation science.
Medical errors 2
Analyze a case and identify the most likely intrinsic (clinical reasoning, specifically) and/or systemic errors that may have led to the outcome.
The example witha medical error and putting the decimal point in the wrong spot. People are tired and overworked and stressed and maybe theire eyes glaze over.
Epidemiology 2 Objectives
Describe the epidemiologic triad and the 5W’s (who, what, when, where, why) of epidemiologic investigations
Who: as a profession we have the honor of working with a multitude of species. Sometimes the ‘who’ is restricted to one species, but other times it transcends species. We must also keep in mind that there are a range of breeds and uses for the different animals in our care. These nuances are important as we consider the different factors (the ‘why’) that may put an individual, or group, at greater or lesser risk.
What: This is described as part of the confirmatory part of the process in the video. Unfortunately, it can be more challenging to establish that diagnosis than the video implies! But as noted in ‘where’ below, we can still take steps to intervene even without a complete understanding of ‘what’ we are facing.
When: in addition to the point-source and propagated outbreaks described in the video, some diseases occur sporadically with no temporal or spatial pattern. Other diseases are endemic, meaning they are around all the time, although they may vary slightly in their frequency. What would those epidemic curves look like?
Where: In the video they mention the importance of mapping. Spatial epidemiology takes place on all scales, from global (think pandemic) to hyper-local when we are tracking the spread of salmonella on a farm, or even between stalls within a single barn. The John Snow video in the optional resources section below is a FAMOUS example of how looking for spatial patterns can elucidate actionable information even without understanding infectious disease.
Why: These are the factors we will discuss in detail next. Often ‘why’ is the ultimate question, hence being central in the W5 schematic figure.
Epidemiology 2 Objectives
Recognize both risk and protective factors involved in animal disease
Factor (variable) that contributes to new cases of the disease
* Risk factor: variable associated with an INCREASED risk of disease or infection
* Protective factor: variable associated with a DECREASED risk of disease or
infection
Epidemiology 2 Objectives
Define component, sufficient, and necessary causes related to animal disease
Component Cause
- Any causal factor
(host, agent,
environment) - A ‘piece of the pie’
Necessary Cause
- A component
cause that is
REQUIRED for
disease to occur
Sufficient Cause
- A set of
component causes
that is capable of
causing disease - When sufficient
cause is present,
disease CAN occur
Epidemiology 2 Objectives
Distinguish between association and causation
Causation: a true mechanism leads from exposure to disease
Association: an identifiable relationship between exposure and
disease
* Exposure might cause disease
* An association is NOT necessarily causal
Epidemiology 2 Objectives
When presented with sufficient data regarding animal disease in a population you should be able to: Calculate measures of morbidity and mortality
morbidity: the measure of illness in a population
mortality: the measure of death in a population.
Epidemiology 2
How do your measure the strength and effect of association?
Assess the strength and effect of the association between a factor
(risk factor, protective factor, exposure) and disease
* Compare disease measurements between groups of individuals
* Measures used assessing associations of disease with risk factors:
* Relative Risk (Risk Ratio, RR)
* Odds Ratio (OR)
* Chi-square test
* Attributable risk
* Attributable fractions
Go to week 5 to practice making a 2x2 table
NOW
When presented with sufficient data regarding animal disease in a population you should be able to: Classify a disease as endemic, sporadic or epidemic based on the temporal pattern
