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PSYC 268 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Forensic Psychology

A

Field of psychology dealing with all aspects of human behaviour relating to the legal system

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2
Q

Where did forensic psychology research first take place?

A

US and Europe

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3
Q

wHo conducted one of the fist experiments in forensic psych? Where?

A

James Catell at Columbia

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4
Q

Where were James Cattell’s experiments later called?

A

The psychology of eyewitness technology

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5
Q

What is La Suggestibilite?

A

Study conducted by Alfred Binet around the same time as James Cattell which showed that testimonies given by children where highly susceptible to suggestive techniques.

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6
Q

Who is William Stern

A

Conducted studies examining the suggestibility of witnesses

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7
Q

What is the “Reality Experiment” and who is it attributed to?

A

Used by eyewitness researchers to study eyewitness recall and recognition. Is attributed to William Stern

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8
Q

What does the “reality experiment” involve?

A

It involves participants being exposed to stages events and asked to provide information about the event.

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9
Q

What did Stern find about the accuracy of a persons testimony?

A

Found that emotional arousal can have negative impacts on the accuracy of a persons testimony.

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10
Q

Albert Von Schrenck-Notzing

A

One of the first to provide testimony in court on the effects of pre trial publicity on memory

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11
Q

Retroactive Memory Falsification

A

Process where people confuse actual memories of events with events described by the media

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12
Q

Julian Varendonck

A

Psychologist who demonstrated children’s testimonies were inaccurate and easily led by suggestive questioning

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13
Q

Is it common for psychologists to testify on matters such as fitness to start trial and criminal responsibility as well as including risk assessment, treatment of traumatic brain injury, factors affecting eyewitness Emory and jury decison making

A

Yes

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14
Q

Where has the most significant contributions by psychologist in Canada been?

A

In the areas of corrections such as constructing better risk-assessment tools and developing effective treatment approaches

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15
Q

Clinical Forensic psychologist

A

Psychologist who are broadly concerned with the assessment and treatment of mental health issues as they pertain to the law or legal system

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16
Q

A frequent task of clinical forensic psychologists

A

Assessment of an offender to determine if they are likely to pose a risk to the community if released form prison

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17
Q

Issues clinical forensic psychologists are interested in

A

Conducting divorce and child custody mediation
Providing expert testimony on questions of a psychological nature
Running critical incident stress debriefings with police officers
Facilitation of treatment programs for offenders

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18
Q

Forensic anthropologist

A

examine remains of deceased individuals to help determine their identity and how they might have died

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19
Q

Forensic Biology

A

Apply their knowledge of life sciences to legal investigations. Such as the presence of insects on a decomposing body to determine the timeline of death

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20
Q

Forensic odontology

A

Study dental aspects of criminal activity. May assist police in identifying deceased dental records or who left bite marks in an individual

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21
Q

Forensic Pathology

A

Medical doctors eho examine injuries or remains of dead bodies to figure our cause of death

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22
Q

Forensic Toxicology

A

Study effects of drugs and other chemicals on people within the context of the law

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23
Q

Experimental Forensic Psychologist

A

Concerned with the study of human behavior as it pertains to the legal system

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24
Q

Type of training experimental forensic psychologists undergo

A

PhD level graduate training with research focused in a topic related to forensic psychology

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25
Q

SFU Psychology and Law program

A

Allows students to receive PhD and LLB at same time. Produces forensic psychologist more informed about the legal process and system

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26
Q

SFU Mental health, law, and policy institute

A

Promotes interdisciplinary collaboration in research and training in areas related to mental health, law, and policy

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27
Q

Role of forensic psychologist as a legal scholar

A

Engage in scholarly anlyses of mental health, law, psychologically oriented legal movements

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28
Q

What is the applied work of a forensic psychologist scholar surrounded around?

A

Applied work is most likely centred around policy analysis and legislative consultation

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29
Q

What are 3 ways that psychology and law relate to one another

A
  1. Psychology and the law
  2. Psychology in the law
  3. Psychology of the law
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30
Q

Psychology and the law

A

Use of psychology to examine the operation of the legal system

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31
Q

What are the types of research and examinations that fall under psychology and the law?

A

“Are eyewitnesses accurate?”
“Do certain interrogation techniques cause people to falsely confess?”
“Is it possible to predict of an offender will be violent after release from prison?”

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32
Q

Psychology in the law

A

Use of psychological knowledge in the legal system

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33
Q

What are 2 different forms psychology in the law may take?

A
  1. Psychologist using their knowledge of human communication to assist police in hostage negotiations
  2. Psycholgosts in court providing expert testimony concerning relevance
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34
Q

Psychology of the law

A

Use of psychology to study the law itself

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35
Q

What type of questions does the psychology of the law address

A

Does the law reduce the amount of crime in our society?

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36
Q

Expert witness

A

Witness who provides the court with information that assists the court in understanding an issue of relevance to a case

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37
Q

Can expert witnesses provide the court with their personal opinion on what matters relevant to the case?

A

Yes but opinions must fall within the limits of expert witness’s area of expertise

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38
Q

What are expert witnesses there for?

A

They are there as an educator to the judge and jury. NOT as an advocate for the defence and prosecution

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39
Q

What are 2 reasons why being an expert testimony is challenging?

A
  1. There’s a lot for the expert witness to know
  2. inherent differences exists between psych + law
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40
Q

General Acceptance test

A

Standard for accepting expert testimony which states that expert testimony will be admissible if the basis of the testimony is generally accepted within the relevant scientific community

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41
Q

Criticism of General Acceptance Test

A

The vagueness of the term general acceptance whether trial judges are able to make this determination

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42
Q

How was vagueness addressed in the US Supreme Court?

A

When daubert’s experts evidence was rejected as they were generally not accepted by the scientific community so they made the Daubert criteria

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43
Q

What did the Supreme Court state that for evidence to be admissible it must..?

A
  1. Be provided by a qualified expert
  2. Be relevant
  3. Be reliable
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44
Q

Daubert Criteria

A

American standard for accepting expert testimony

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45
Q

What are 4 things in the Daubert Criteria that say scientific evidence is valid?

A
  1. peer-reviewed
  2. testable
  3. has a recognized rate of error
  4. adhere to professional standards
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46
Q

Mohan Criteria

A

Canadian standard for accepting expert testimony

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47
Q

R. v. Mohan

A

Mohan was a pediatrician chargeds with sexual assault and wanted to call upon a psychiatrist to testify that he did not for the profile for a sexual offender

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48
Q

4 Criteria of Mohan criteria

A
  1. Relevance
  2. Necessity
  3. Absence of Exclusion rule
  4. Qualifications of the Expert
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49
Q

Relevance (mohan)

A

Evidence must be relevant and make the fact at issue more or less likely (percentage of it occurring)

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50
Q

Necessity (mohan)

A

Testimony must be about something that goes beyond the common understanding of the court

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51
Q

Absence of exclusion rule (mohan)

A

Any rule that may cause evidence to be inadmissible and prevents topic from being discussed

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52
Q

Qualification of expert (mohan)

A

Qualifications of expert determined by: amount of trainings and experience they possess

Must have expertise in the domain for testimony to be admissible

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53
Q

In addition to Mohan criteria, what else does experts in Canada must be?

A

Independent and impartial where their opinions would not change regardless of which party retained them

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54
Q

What are the 3 roles of expert witness

A
  1. Conduit-educator
  2. Philosopher-advocate
  3. hired gun
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55
Q

Conduit-educator

A

presents a full overview of current research

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56
Q

Philosopher-advocate

A

Brings their personal views into their testimony and advocates for things that align with personal views

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57
Q

Hired Gun

A

testifies in a way that aligns with the side that hired them

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58
Q

What are 4 other ways of influencing the legal system

A
  1. Cross-disciplinary Education
  2. Amicus Curia beliefs (Friends of the court)
  3. Dissemination of research findings
  4. Legislatures + public policy
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59
Q

Cross-disciplinary Education

A

Actors in justice system and research receiving medication in psyc- + law

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60
Q

amicus Curia beliefs (Friends of the court)

A

Group of individuals come together to provide a document to educate the court on a particular subject

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61
Q

Dissemination of research findings

A

Sharing research through various outputs in efforts to make more accessible

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62
Q

Legislatures + public policy

A

Writing of large scale reports to influence policy lobbying through professional institutions

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63
Q

Suspect

A

Individual under investigation for a crime

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64
Q

Accused

A

Individual who has been charged with a crime

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65
Q

Plaintiff

A

individual in civil court who brings a case against someone

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66
Q

Complainant

A

Individual who has accused someone of committing a crime

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67
Q

Triers of fact

A

decision-makers in the justice system (judges and juries)

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68
Q

The Crown/Prosecution

A

Government’s side of adversarial system; charge accused with crime

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69
Q

Defense

A

Side of adversarial system that defends accused

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70
Q

Purpose of criminal

A

To inflict punishment

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71
Q

Purpose of civil

A

To restore justice

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72
Q

Who investigates criminal cases

A

the police

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73
Q

who investigates civil cases

A

an individual

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74
Q

who brings a criminal case to court

A

the crown

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75
Q

who brings a civil case to court

A

plaintiff

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76
Q

who pays for criminal prosecution

A

the state

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77
Q

who pays for civil prosecution

A

Plaintiff

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78
Q

Who pays for criminal defense?

A

The defendant

79
Q

Who pays for civil defense?

A

The defendant

80
Q

Who must prove the criminal case?

A

The crown

81
Q

Who must prove the civil case?

A

Plaintiff

82
Q

Criminal remedy

A

restriction

83
Q

Civil restriction

A

monetary (money)

84
Q

Criminal standard of proof

A

beyond a reasonable doubt

85
Q

Civil standard of proof

A

On a balance of probabilities

86
Q

Criminal profiling

A

Technique for identifyingthe major personality behavioral characteristics of an individual based upon analysis of the crimes they committed

87
Q

Voluntary confession

A

Willingly confessing to a crime

88
Q

False Confession

A

Confession that is either intentionally fabricated or not based on actual knowledge of the facts that form its content

89
Q

Retracted confession

A

Confession that the confessor later declares to be false

90
Q

Disputed confession

A

Confession that is later disputed in trial

91
Q

4 criteria for confessions to be admissible

A
  1. Suspect must be of sound operating mind
  2. no threats or false promises
  3. no oppressive interviewing context
  4. no deception that would shock the community
92
Q

What police behavior would render a confession inadmissible?

A

Physical abuse, threats of torture, involving suspects family in threats or promises, creating oppressive conditions, using tricks to shock the community

93
Q

What police behaviour would render a confession admissible

A

Lying within limits, good cop bad cop routine, offering counselling help, religious appeals. involving a suspects family in appeals, using polygraph test, presenting fabricated evidence

94
Q

What are suspect rights in Canada?

A

Have the right to silence and the right to legal counsel

95
Q

What happens if a suspect waives their rights to silence?

A

If a suspect waives their rights to silence then their confession is admissible in court

96
Q

When is understanding your rights usually reduced?

A

It is usually reduces when conditions are stressful

97
Q

3 reasons why confessions are powerful evidence

A

Save time, lead to other evidence, influential to jurors

98
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

Tendency to attribute other’s behaviours to internal factors and to ignore situational factors

99
Q

3 types of false confessions

A

Voluntary false confessions
Coerced-compliant false confessions
Coerced-internalized false confessions

100
Q

Voluntary False Confessions

A

Suspect falsely confesses to ac rime they know they did not commit because they have something to gain (protection of another individual)

101
Q

Coerced-compliant false confession

A

Suspect falsely confesses to a crime they know they did not commit

102
Q

What is the result of coercive interrogation techniques

A

Coerced-compliant false confession

103
Q

Why would someone commit a coerced-compliant false confession?

A

because they believe its the only way to stop the interrogation is to just confess

104
Q

Coerced-internalized false confession

A

suspect falsely confesses to a crime they have come to believe the committed

105
Q

What is the result of coercive interrogation techniques?

A

Coerced-internalized false confession

106
Q

What do those who commits a coerced-internalized false confession believe?

A

Believe their own guilt even with a lack of memories

107
Q

Why do people falsely confess?

A

Due to the vulnerability of the suspect, innocence, interrogations

108
Q

Who is at a higher risk of a false confession?

A

Those who are high in suggestibility, who may not want to see the consequences of their actions, those who accept what an authority figure is telling them

109
Q

What do interrogations break down?

A

Breaks down self regulation (our ability to focus and think logically)

110
Q

How are suspects affected by intense situations?

A

It reduces the suspects ability to consider the consequences of their actions

111
Q

What is an innocent person most likely to do?

A

Are most likely to waive their rights, want to help out, and believe a confession may be seen as false because they believe their own innocence.y

112
Q

Police Interrogation

A

Process where the police interviews a suspect to get information and a confession

113
Q

What is the focus of police interrogations

A

Psychological techniques

114
Q

True or false. Physical methods were not previously utilized to elicit confessions

A

False. Physically coercive tactives were used to extract confessions

115
Q

Reid Technique

A

9 step interrogation model used in North America to extract confessions from suspects

116
Q

4 Strategies utilized in Reid Technique

A
  1. Loss of Control
  2. Social Isolation
  3. Certainty of guilt
  4. Minimization of culpability
117
Q

Loss of Control

A

Control is taken away from the suspect. The interrogators control everything such as content of conversation, physical environment, and amount of time spent on interview

118
Q

Social Isolation

A

Interrogations happen alone with lack of support from friends or support person. The suspect has no one to back them up

119
Q

Certainty of Guilt

A

Interrogators focus on the guilt of the suspect. May present real or fabricated evidence to illustrate guilt. Interrogators go in with the idea that the suspect is guilty and they just need to get a confession

120
Q

Minimization of culpability

A

Interrogators minimize the suspects role in the crime. Shift the blame to others and provide justification such as “you’re only a kid”

121
Q

3 Steps of the Reid Technique

A
  1. Factual analysis
  2. Behaviour Analysis Interview
  3. Interrogation
122
Q

Factual Analysis

A

Investigator gathers evidence and reviews case file

123
Q

Behaviour Analysis Interview

A

Assess guilt with behaviour provoking question. Non accusation all interview

124
Q

Interrogation

A

Obtain confession. 9 step procedure is implemented

125
Q

First step of Reid Interrogation Technique

A

Accuse - suspect of doing the crime and confront them of their guilt

126
Q

Second step of Reid Interrogation Technique

A

Offer suspect possible excuses for committing the crime. A

127
Q

Third step of Reid Interrogation Technique

A

Cutoff the suspects attempt to deny their involvement in crime

128
Q

Fourth step of Reid Interrogation Technique

A

Overcome the explanations offered by suspect. Do not let them talk

129
Q

Fifth step of Reid Interrogation Technique

A

Hold the attention of the suspect and make them feel cornered in if they begin to withdrawa

130
Q

Sixth step of Reid Interrogation Technique

A

Show sympathy and understanding. Urge them to come clean

131
Q

Seventh step of Reid Interrogation Technique

A

Reframe the issue.”Maybe someone pressured you to do it”

132
Q

Eighth step of Reid Interrogation Technique

A

Elicit a full infestation when suspect agrees to one of the alternative explanations

133
Q

Ninth step of Reid Interrogation Technique

A

Write the full confession and have them sign

134
Q

Minimization techniques

A

Designed to lull suspect into a fall sense of security. Providing alternative explanations and justifications for the crime

135
Q

Maximization techniques

A

Designed to intimidate suspect. Interrupt denials and make accusations

136
Q

When can a suspects statements be used as evidence against them?

A

When in Canada and America, the suspect knowingly and voluntarily waives their rights to silence and legal counsel.

137
Q

What are the 3 problems with the Reid Technique

A
  1. Detecting Deception
  2. Investigator Bias
  3. False confessions
138
Q

Detecting Deception

A

Detecting when someone is being deceptive. There is very little research to show that police can detect deception with accuracy.

139
Q

Investigator Bias

A

When people form a belief about something before they enter a situation. They unconsciously seek out and interpret info in a way that confirms their belief.

Happens during interrogation when the police enters thinking the suspect is guilty/

140
Q

False Confessions

A

Due to situation and pressure being put on individuals

141
Q

Explain the Mr.Big Operation

A

When an undercover cop befriends a suspect and convinces them to engage in criminal activity as they will receive compensation. They will then meet Mr.Big and talk about a past crime they committed as Mr.Big will need something on them to have dirt on them. Their confession is recorded.

142
Q

Problems with the Mr.Big operation

A

Controversial, admissible in Canadian courts, Coercive, lack of suspect rights. Influential to jurors

143
Q

What is the goal of the peace method

A

Encourages information gathering rather than a confession. Is more human and is likely to hold up in court. Implemented to reduce oppressive interrogation techniques

144
Q

What does PEACE stand for?

A

Preparation + plan, engage + explain, account, closure, evaluation

145
Q

Voluntary confession

A

Willingly confessing to crime

146
Q

False confession

A

Confessions that is either intentionally fabricated or is not based on actual knowledge of the facts

147
Q

Retracted confession

A

Confession that the confessor later declares to be false

148
Q

Disputed confession

A

Confession that is later disputed in trial because its shown to be involuntary or not true

149
Q

3 types of false confessions

A

Voluntary, coerced-compliant, coerced internalized

150
Q

Voluntary False Confessions

A

Falsely confessing to a crime they know they did not commit because they have something to gain (fame or protection of individual)

151
Q

Coerced-compliant false confession

A

Results from a desire to escape a coercive interrogation environment or gain a benefit promised by the police. Caused by coercive interrogation tactics

152
Q

Coerced-internalized confessions

A

Results from suggestive interrogation techniques where the confessor actually comes to believe they committed the crime

153
Q

4 things for the admissibility of confessions

A
  1. Suspect must be of sound operating mind
  2. No threats or false promises
  3. No oppressive interviewing context
  4. No deception that would shock the community
154
Q

5 Things that would render a confession inadmissible

A

Physical abuse, threats of torture, offers of leniency, including family in threats, creating oppressive conditions

155
Q

What would render a confession admissible

A

Lying within limits, offering counseling, religious appeals, including family in appeals, polygraph test, presenting fabricated evidence

156
Q

Criminal Profiling

A

Technique for identifying the major personality and behavioural characteristics of an individual based upon analysis of the crimes they have committed

157
Q

Where is criminal profiling most commonly used?

A

Violent serial crimes

158
Q

Process of profiling includes:

A

Analyzing crime scene like gathering victims info and studying police reports, make inferences about killers motive, make inferences about identify of perpetrator

159
Q

Deductive Criminal Profiling

A

Profiling the background characteristics of an unknown offender based on evidence left at the crime scene by that particular offender

160
Q

Example of deductive criminal profiling

A

Assuming that the length of fingernails of an offender indicate they are a guitar player

161
Q

Inductive Criminal profiling

A

Profiling the background characteristics of an unknown offender based on what we know about other solved cases

162
Q

Example of inductive criminal profiling

A

Assumption that a murderer of children has a previous criminal conviction

163
Q

What does inductive criminal profiling largely rely on?

A

A determination of how likely it is that an offender will posses similar characteristics similar to those who have done similar crimes

164
Q

4 cluster SEARCH strategies

A
  1. Hunters
  2. Poachers
  3. trollers
  4. Trappers
165
Q

Hunters

A

Actively seek out victims close to home

166
Q

Poachers

A

Travel far to find victims

167
Q

Trollers

A

Encounter victims during regular routine

168
Q

Trappers

A

Put themselves in situation where they have access to preferred victims

169
Q

3 cluster victim selection strategies

A
  1. Telio-specific
  2. Pedo specific
  3. non-specific
170
Q

Telio-specific

A

offenders who predominantly target adult female with specific physical features

171
Q

Pedo specific

A

target child and adolescent with preferred physical features

172
Q

Non-specific

A

No preferred victim type

173
Q

3 ways to categorize serial offenders

A

Organized/disorganized Model, Holmes typology, Investigative psychology

174
Q

Characteristics of an organized offender

A

High intelligence, skilled occupation, sexually adequate, lives with partner, geographically mobile, lives far from crimes, follows crimes in media, maintains residence and vehicle

175
Q

Characteristics of a disorganized offender

A

Low intelligence, unskilled occupation, sexually inadequate, lives alone, geographically stable, lives close to crime, does not maintain vehicle or residence

176
Q

Organized crime scene

A

planned offence, use of restraints, antemortem sexual acts, vehicle use, no post-mortem mutilation, corpse not taken, little evidence left behind

177
Q

Disorganized crime scene

A

Spontaneous offence, no restraints, post-mortem sexual acts, no vehicle, post-mortem mutilation, corpse taken, evidence left at scene

178
Q

4 Classifications of Holmes and Holmes

A

Visionary, mission-oriented, hedonistic, power-oriented

179
Q

Visionary

A

Have visions or hears voices from god or spirits instructing them to kill particular individuals

180
Q

Mission-Oriented

A

motivated by a desire to kill individuals they regard as evil or unworthy

181
Q

Hedonistic

A

Takes sadistic sexual pleasure in torturing their victims (kills for thrills)

182
Q

Power oriented

A

get satisfaction from capturing and controlling their victim

183
Q

What does a theoretical base on criminal profiling not take into account?

A

Does not take into account situational influences in shaping behaviour. How the way you act in class is different to how you would act on a Friday night

184
Q

Geographic Profiling

A

Technique using crime scene locations to predict the most likely area an offender lives, works, or will commit their next crime

185
Q

What us geographic profiling primarily used for?

A

Used for prioritizing potential suspects and ranking them staring with the person that lives the closest

186
Q

Basic assumption behind geographic profiling

A

Serial offenders do not travel far from home to commit crimes

187
Q

Anchor Point

A

Location the offender leaves to commit the crime (home base)

188
Q

Buffer zone

A

Around the home of offender where they’re less likely to commit crimes

189
Q

Comfort zone

A

Where offender is most comfortable committing crimes

190
Q

Distance Decay

A

Probability of a crime decreases as distance from past crime increases (as you move away from point a, the chances of crime occurring increases

191
Q

Temporal Sequencing

A

Over time the geographical range of a serial offender’s crime will increase

192
Q

What use VICLAS

A

Developed by RCMP to collect and analyze info on serious crimes in Canada. Enter characteristics into a computer system providing connections to other crimes. Largely dependant on who os entering the information

193
Q

Crime linkage

A

Process of deciding if a single perp committed 2 or more crimes

194
Q

Linkage blindness

A

Inability of law enforcement across different jurisdictions to note that crimes committed in respective jurisdictions may be related

PSYC 268 (1 decks)

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