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Bio 97 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Translation

A

Process of producing proteins at nucleoprotein structures called ribosomes

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1
Q

Transcription

A

Process of expressing genetic information, where one strand of DNA is used to direct synthesis of a single RNA

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2
Q

DNA nucleotide

A

Made up of 5 carbon deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, and either A G T C

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3
Q

Helicase

A

Unwinds and unzips DNA, breaks the hydrogen bonds

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4
Q

SSBs

A

Stabilize single stranded DNA, by not letting the strands rejoin together

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5
Q

Gyrase (topoisomerase)

A

Relieves torsional stress, by breaking phosphodiester bonds along the length of the DNA

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6
Q

RNA primers

A

Primes DNA synthesis, allows polymerase to begin

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7
Q

DNA polymerase 1

A

Replaces RNA nucleotides with DNA nucleotides after the primer is removed

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8
Q

DNA polymerase 3

A

Elongates the the new strand after the primer is set

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9
Q

DNA ligase

A

Adds nucleotides to connect lagging (Okazaki) strands

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10
Q

mRNA splicing

A

Occurs at sites determined by consensus sequences, takes place in nucleus

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11
Q

Alternative splicing

A

Can give rise to different proteins in different tissues with different functions, splices out introns and keep exons, does not occur in prokaryotes; allows the number of proteins produced to exceed the number of genes that are expressed

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12
Q

tRNA

A

Transport amino acids to ribosomes to make proteins, binds to codon on mRNA

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13
Q

Ribosomes

A

Bind mRNA and identify codon for translations, bring pairing btw mRNA codons and tRNA anticodons, catalyze peptide bond formation btw amino acids

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14
Q

Silent mutation

A

Doesn’t make any change in amino acid sequence

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15
Q

Missense mutation

A

Change in an amino acid

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16
Q

Nonsense Mutation

A

A unnecessary stop codon is put out, stoping transcription

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17
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

Shifts how nucleotides are grouped together

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18
Q

Centromere

A

Area where sister chromatin are attached and chromatin is most tightly condensed. Where kinetochore is located and spindle fibers attach to pull apart.

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19
Q

Telomeres

A

When the lagging strand loses the primer, telomeres are the end of the chromosome arm, consisting of a complex of proteins and RNA templates that add repeated DNA sequences to insure that there is no shortening of the strand. When the telomeres are gone, this leads to cell death

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20
Q

Epigenome

A

Heritable changes that regulate gene expression without altering DNA sequence. Epigenetic trait can be inherited up to 2 generations.

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21
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

During gamete formation the segregation alleles at one locus is independent of the segregation of alleles at another locus

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22
Q

Law of segregation

A

Allele pairs separate or segregate during gamete formation, and randomly unite at fertilization

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23
Q

Back cross

A

Mating of a hybrid organism (offspring of genetically unlike parents) with one it it’s parent or an organism genetically similar to it’s parent.

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24
Q

Haploid

25
Q

Diploid

26
Q

Locus

A

Location of a gene or sequence on a chromosome or on a linkage map

27
Q

Interphase (mitosis) G2

A

Chromosomes duplicate, nuclear envelope is still intact, and no chromosomes are visible. Microtubules begin to extend

28
Q

Prophase (mitosis)

A

1st stage of mitosis, chromosomes begin to condense, centrosomes begin to migrate towards poles, nucleotides disappears.

29
Q

Prometaphase (mitosis)

A

2nd stage of mitosis, nuclear envelope breaks down, centrosomes extend Microtubules ad attach to kinetochores on sister chromatids.

30
Q

Metaphase (mitosis)

A

3rd stage of mitosis, sister chromatids line up along the metaphase plate, complete mitosis spindle is in place.

31
Q

Anaphase (mitosis)

A

4th stage of mitosis, sister chromatids separate (disjunction) and move toward opposite poles (cell is in oblong shape)

32
Q

Telophase and Cytokinesis (mitosis)

A

Last stages of mitosis, nuclear envelope begins to reassemble, chromosomes decondense, and cytokinesis divides the two new daughter cells, nucleolus reforms

33
Q

Prophase 1: Leptotene (meiosis 1)

1 of 5

A

Chromosome have been duplicated, condensation begins, asters of Microtubule spindle fibers are produced from centrosomes

34
Q

Prophase 1: Zygotene (meiosis 1)

2 of 5

A

Chromosomes continue to condense, homologous chromosomes (bivalent) enter synapsis.

35
Q

Prophase 1: Pachytene (meiosis 1)

3 of 5

A

Chromosome condensation is partially complete. Crossing over occurred between non sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes. Kinetochore Microtubules attach to kinetochore, nuclear envelope breakdown begins

36
Q

Prophase 1: Diplotene (meiosis 1)

4 of 5

A

Crossing over complete, tetrads (4 chromatids of homologous pairs are visible.

37
Q

Prophase 1: Diakinesis (meiosis 1)

5 of 5

A

Kinetochore Microtubules are attached to tetrads, nuclear envelope is fully gone

38
Q

Metaphase 1 (meiosis 1)

A

Tetrads aligned along the metaphase plate, chia smarts linking nonsister chromatids is broken

39
Q

Anaphase 1 (meiosis 1)

A

Depolymerization of kinetochore Microtubules shins disjunction of homologous chromosomes, separates tetrads

40
Q

Telophase 1 and cytokinesis (meiosis)

A

Nuclear membranes reform around chromosomes at each pole. Each new cell has a haploid set of chromosomes. Cytokinesis divides cytoplasm and separates nuclei

41
Q

Prophase 2 (meiosis)

A

Nuclear envelope reals down, centrosomes duplicate and move toward opposite poles.

42
Q

Metaphase 2 (meiosis)

A

Sister chromatids are attached to Microtubules an align along the metaphase plate

43
Q

Anaphase 2 (meiosis)

A

Sister chromatids separate, polymerization of non kinetochore Microtubules elongate the cell.

44
Q

Telophase 2 and cytokinesis (meiosis)

A

Chromosomes begin to decondense, and nuclear envelope reforms around chromosomes. Cytokinesis separates the new cells.

45
Q

Autosomal Dominant

A

Means you only need to get the abnormal gene from one parent in order for you to inherit the trait or disorder

46
Q

Gene expression

A

Conversion of a gene into its product, which is generally a protein. Which determines the phenotype.

47
Q

Central Dogma

A

DNA to RNA to Protein.

48
Q

Autosomal recessive

A

Means two copies of an abnormal gene must be present in order for trait or disorder to develop.

49
Q

Rare X-linked recessive

A

Both matching genes must be abnormal to cause disorder.

50
Q

Rare X-linked Dominant

A

Single abnormal gene in the X chromosome can cause disorder

51
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

Heterozygous have a phenotype intermediate to the two alleles
Ex: pink flower instead of red or white

52
Q

Co-dominance

A

Phenotype of both alleles is fully expressed in heterozygotes
In allelic series
Ex: blood types

53
Q

Penetrance

A

The probability that a mutation will manifest it’s phenotype

54
Q

Expressivity

A

How strongly a phenotype is expressed

55
Q

Epistasis

A

A gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at a second locus
Ex: color of dogs

56
Q

Multiple Alleles

A

More than two alleles affect a phenotype

57
Q

Pleiotropy

A

One gene affects more than one phenotypic characters

58
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

Multiple gene are responsible for a phenotype

59
Q

Environmental impact

A

Genetically identical individuals show different phenotypes as a result of environmental factors

Bio 97 (2 decks)

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