MIDTERM 1 Flashcards
n Japanese, an active sentence is formed using SUBJECT-OBJECT-VERB (e.g. watashi wa pizza o tabemashita, or “I pizza ate”), whereas in English, an active sentence is formed using SUBJECT-VERB-OBJECT (I ate pizza).
syntax
The reason that Japanese language speakers cannot distinguish between “l” and “r” sounds is because Japanese has fewer _____________ than English.
phonemes
The word “antidisestablishmentarianism” can be broken down into __________ of “anti-“, “dis-“, “establish”, “-ment”, “-arian” and “-ism”
morphemes
Email can often lead to misunderstandings. This is because
it lacks extralinguistic information.
Allowing an infinite number of unique sentences to be created from combining our symbols in novel ways refers to
generativity
According to famed linguist Noam Chomsky, humans have an innate ability to understand and produce language through a device he called
Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
Who would be the LEAST susceptible to interference on the Stroop task?
33-year old Nancy who has a lot of difficulty reading and writing
Allan is a birdwatcher, and when he sees a new flying creature one day while on a walk, he does not need to discover that it flies, chirps, and eats worms and bugs to recognize that it is a bird. Allan is using _______ to help him achieve cognitive economy and categorize his world.
schemas
Imagine that you see an advertisement for a new cellular provider that covers 80% of Canada. However, if you reword the offer, you realize that you would have no coverage in 20% of Canada. This example highlights how _______ influence(s) our decision making.
framing
When we are trying to solve this puzzle, we usually assume numbers are associated with math. This is an obstacle to our problem solving because of we view math as a(n)
mental set, and that numbers are can only be used in math.
When we view videos on life hacks, we see different ways to use everyday objects, such as plastic bottles used to make automatic drip watering system for plants, or using the cardboard tube of a paper towel roll to amplify your phone speakers. This is a type of
divergent thinking
, which overcomes the Answer
functional fixedness
of the original object in order to resourcefully use it.
n the video of Feral children, we followed four cases of children who were abandoned early, and found at different times in their life.
For their language development, match their ability with their development (use the descriptions to answer, even if they might differ from the video).
Oksana (abandoned at 2 and found at around 6) can speak in fully structured simple sentences:
synatic development
Jeannie (neglected at birth in a house but found at 13) has a large naming vocabulary but is unable to do more than put one or two words together.
producing two word phrases
Based on the language development of the children above, at which age do you think the language___________period would end?____
sensitive
7
Oksana got a job working with horses, and Victor enjoyed playing outdoors with the trees and the grass. What type of intelligence do they show?
naturalistic intelligence
A person’s acuity of sight and hearing contribute to intelligence. This was tested by measuring grip strength, accuracy in naming objects by smell, etc…
Sir Francis Galton
Intelligence as Sensory Capacity
You can measure intelligence by comparing your chronological age with your mental age.
Binet and Simon
Intelligence testing
Those who have IQs beyond two standard deviations below the population mean are considered
Intellectually disabled
Those who have IQs beyond two standard deviations above the population mean are considered
Intellectually gifted
True or False: Individuals who are extremely intellectually gifted are at a higher risk of mental health issues such as depression and anxiety due to childhood bullying.
False
Why is there a stronger positive correlation between high school scores and IQ compared to University scores and IQ? Check all that apply.
There are multiple factors that account for GPA outside of IQ.
Universities select the high school students with high IQs
Check all that apply. Incorrect choices will have marks deducted.
What factors account for the Flynn Effect?
Increased test sophistication
Better nutrition
Changes at home and school
Increased complexity of the modern world
Which are the following are true about differences in IQ? Check all that apply. Incorrect answers will have marks deducted.
Men have a larger standard deviation (spread) across IQ scores than women.
Gender differences in mental rotation tasks are wiped out when accounting for spatial practice.
Women tend to do better than men on verbal tasks.
Racial differences in IQ are likely due to environmental factors.
Men tend to score higher than women on mental rotation tasks.
Sarah is 5-years-old and was just told that the world is round.
When Sarah thinks of the world as both flat and round, like a coin, she has __________ the new information.
When Sarah thinks of the world as round like a ball, she has _____________ the new information.
assimilated; accommodated
Lacey showed Oscar two of the same glasses with the exact same amount of fluid in each. While Oscar watched, Lacey then poured the fluid of one of the glasses into a taller, narrower glass and then asked “Which one has more?”. Oscar then answered: “The tall glass.” What ability is Oscar failing to show?
Conservation
Match the following example with the stage of Kohlberg’s moral development.
A chimpanzee who refuses a grape until the other chimpanzee receives a grape is showing __________.
Animals that cooperate with other animals in an experiment only because they get a reward when they do is showing _________.
A person chooses to give money to a beggar only when in front of their new boyfriend is showing ________.
Answer 1
post-conventional morality
Answer 2
pre-conventional morality
Answer 3
conventional morality
A child understands that by judging that even though one line of 5 pennies is spread out more than the other line of 5 pennies, they are still the same. This child is demonstrating ________.
conservation
A baby finds peek-a-boo the most awesome game ever, because every time they close their eyes, the whole world disappears. The baby lacks ___________.
Object permanence
In Grade 3, the students start to learn about planets, and sees a model of the solar system, in which the planets circle the sun. The students use ________ to then view the earth as ball-shaped instead of coin-shaped.
accomidation
A 5 year old feels the earth is flat, but his teacher told him that the earth is round. He uses ___________ to integrate the two ideas, and views the earth in the shape of a coin.
Assimilation
A child gets frustrated that his mother doesn’t know what he’s thinking, and keeps repeating angrily: “Just tell me mommy!”. The child is hampered by _______, and has yet to develop theory of mind.
Egocentrism
In 1954, Dorothy Martin started a cult that believed the earth would end on December 21, 1954, due to alien beings coming to earth to give her that information. Psychologist, Leon Festinger and three other assistants joined the group and examined the cult members after the predicted apocalypse came and went. The cult members went through cognitive dissonance as demonstrated in the following thoughts:
Cognition A: The world will end on December 21st, 1954.
Cognition B: The world did not end on December 21st, 1954.
Cognition C: A new idea that incorporates both Cognition A and Cognition B.
Match the following cognitions with their appropriate results.
The world did not end, the members understood that Dorothy made a false prediction.
Reject cognition A and Accept cognition B
In 1954, Dorothy Martin started a cult that believed the earth would end on December 21, 1954, due to alien beings coming to earth to give her that information. Psychologist, Leon Festinger and three other assistants joined the group and examined the cult members after the predicted apocalypse came and went. The cult members went through cognitive dissonance as demonstrated in the following thoughts:
Cognition A: The world will end on December 21st, 1954.
Cognition B: The world did not end on December 21st, 1954.
Cognition C: A new idea that incorporates both Cognition A and Cognition B.
Match the following cognitions with their appropriate results
The world did not end, because the members prayed so hard, that God heard their prayers and saved the world.
Cognition C accommodates both cognition A and B
Cheerleaders cheer at softer volumes, and dance less vigorously in a large group, compared to when they are in a smaller group.
Social Loafing
When many people are grouped around an incident or an accident, most people are reluctant to help.
Bystander Non-Intervention
People seem to be reluctant to help in larger groups because they view that others have already done their part to help.
Diffusion of social responsibility
Some people will go out of their way to help others, for no other reason than to be helpful.
pro-social behaviour-Altruism
Dean considers himself a disciplined individual.
individualistic
Archie considers himself a Riverdale Bulldog because he is the captain of the football team.
Collectivist
Francis defines himself as a practicing Buddhist.
Collectivist
In Kung-Fooled, Freddie Wong and Wesley Chan examined east asian portrayal in media. When Nathan Moore (the thief) tries to mug Freddie at the garbage cans, he ends up mistaking Freddie as a kung-fu master. Freddie felt unstoppable and tried to carjack DeStorm, but was unsuccessful. DeStorm, having successfully fended off Freddie, decided to test his new superpower on an unwitting passerby - who was scared off with one look.
When the thief thought that Freddie knew Kung Fu because he was east asian and because he thought that all east asians knew kung fu, he was making a(n) _______ _______ _______.
Ultimate Attribution error
In Kung-Fooled, Freddie Wong and Wesley Chan examined east asian portrayal in media. When Nathan Moore (the thief) tries to mug Freddie at the garbage cans, he ends up mistaking Freddie as a kung-fu master. Freddie felt unstoppable and tried to carjack DeStorm, but was unsuccessful. DeStorm, having successfully fended off Freddie, decided to test his new superpower on an unwitting passerby - who was scared off with one look.
When the passerby thought that DeStorm was intimidating because of the way he looked, he was making a(n) _________ __________ _________.
Fundamental Attribution error
In Kung-Fooled, Freddie Wong and Wesley Chan examined east asian portrayal in media. When Nathan Moore (the thief) tries to mug Freddie at the garbage cans, he ends up mistaking Freddie as a kung-fu master. Freddie felt unstoppable and tried to carjack DeStorm, but was unsuccessful. DeStorm, having successfully fended off Freddie, decided to test his new superpower on an unwitting passerby - who was scared off with one look.
Wesley and Freddie discussed the __________ of east asians: that they played piano, were good at math, and could do kung fu.
Stereotypes
A soldier treated the prisoners cruelly because other solders were also treating the prisoners cruelly.
Uncritical Conformity to group norms
Those who painted their face and wore a mask were more likely to maim, torture and kill.
De-individuation of self (anonymity)
The guards in Abu Ghraib stripped the prisoners of their clothing (similar to naked animals).
Dehumanization of others
In Stanley Milgrim’s study, a person with a white lab coat indicated _________, that allowed the participant to forgo ________.
Authority, Responsibility
Soloman Asch examined ___________, by placing confederates who would answer wrongly in the experimental design. The participants would cave into the wrong answer due to _________________.
Conformity; informational social influence
In Milgram’s study, placing the learner and the teacher in separate rooms increased _________, and thereby increased the __________ of the teacher.
psychological distance, obedience
People who speak__________languages such as___________ will save more money and are better able to delay gratification, viewing their current status equal to their future status.
Futured;Finnish
Determine if the following examples confirm or disconfirm this theory:
When children aged 4 to 5 years old are given the task to give 13 blocks, children who speak the east asian languages of Chinese, Japanese and Korean will give a line of ten blocks and 3 individual blocks, whereas children who speak English will give 13 separate blocks. __________________
Further research on speakers of the Zuni language, who do not have separate words for orange and yellow, are still able to differentiate orange and yellow when presented a spatial task. Answer____________________-
Confirms Theory
Disconfirms Theory
Eric (abandoned around 2 and found around 4) can point to pictures in the order requested by the speech pathologist, but has yet to speak one or two words.
Learning to comprehend language
Victor (abandoned at birth and found around 8) did not speak, and does not show signs of verbal comprehension. He has yet to reach the stage of
Learning to comprehend Language
Even though Victor and Oxana were found at 8, their language ability is very different. Which of the following may have played a role in their language development
Exposure to language
Why did Oxana and Eric gravitate to dogs (check all that apply)?
dogs provided protection
the children were seeking contact comfort
Victor showed that he understood that Madame Garande was upset because he removed the place setting for her recently deceased husband. Which of_____________does he show?______intelligence. Oksana got a job working with horses, and Victor enjoyed playing outdoors with the trees and the grass. What type of intelligence do they show?_______intelligence.
Gardeners Multiple intelligences; interpersonal; naturalistic
Some people may be considered savants, in which they are excellent in a certain skill, such as painting or art, and may be very poor at other skills, such as socialization.
Howard Gardener; Multiple intelligences
When driving, a new driver and an experienced driving are using these different types of intelligences.
Cattel and Horn; Crystalized and Fluid Intelligence
A person may integrate their ability to solve real world problems with divergent thinking to become resourceful, although they may not be good at academic analysis.
Robert Sternberg; Triarchic Intelligence Theory
Often times, people who perform well in one area, will perform well many other areas. Although this theory also can account for those who excel in a specialized area.
Charles Spearman; Generalized and Specific Intelligence (g and s)
Which of the following can lead to intellectual disability?
Down’s Syndrome
Fetal Alcohol syndrome
Zika virus infection during mother’s pregnancy
Which graph represents the relationship between your University GPA and IQ? ____.Which graph represents the relationship between your High School Scores and your IQ?___.
A
B
Please drag and drop the appropriate labels in the proper order for prenatal development. Use the images as guides.
Fertilization
Zygote
Mitosis
Blastocysts
Embryo
Fetus
In 1954, Dorothy Martin started a cult that believed the earth would end on December 21, 1954, due to alien beings coming to earth to give her that information. Psychologist, Leon Festinger and three other assistants joined the group and examined the cult members after the predicted apocalypse came and went. The cult members went through cognitive dissonance as demonstrated in the following thoughts:
Cognition A: The world will end on December 21st, 1954.
Cognition B: The world did not end on December 21st, 1954.
Cognition C: A new idea that incorporates both Cognition A and Cognition B.
The world has not ended yet, and that is because the aliens gave an incorrect date
Accept Cognition A reject cognition B
When Harvard, UCLA and other Ivy League schools see an east asian last name on an application, they will deduct two points from the application. This is a form of __________.
Discrimintation
The attitude that lead to the point deduction is a form of _____________.
prejudice
Dr. Philip Zimbardo acted as the prison warden, and allowed the cruelty to happen for several days.
Passive tolerance through inaction or indifference
The US government told the soldiers to get information from the prisoners about the insurgence, no matter the cost. The soldiers acted on that.
Blind Obedience to Authority
Some of the soldiers didn’t take pictures or report the cruelty because they thought others would.
Diffusion of Personal responsibility
The participant would assume more __________ when placed closer to the participant, thereby decreasing __________________ . As a result, participants would not shock the learner as much.
Responsibility; psychological distance
