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MCDB 135 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

benign

A

-grows slowly
-low mitotic index
-well-defined border
-not invasive
-doesn’t metastasize
-can be removed surgically

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2
Q

malignant

A

-grows rapidly
-high mitotic index
-not defined/not encapsulated
-invasive
-spreads distantly (metastasis)

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3
Q

solid tumors

A

-epithelia (carcinoma)
-connective tissue (sarcomas)
-nervous system (neuroectodermal tumors)

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4
Q

diffuse tumors

A

blood tumors
-leukemia, lymphoma

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5
Q

somatic mutation theory (SMT)

A

-mutations gives cell a growth advantage
-leads to clonal expansion
-successive mutations giving greater advantages and more clonal expansion

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6
Q

cancer in the context of evolution

A
  1. mutation gives cell competitive advantage
  2. selective pressures from body prevent mutation from growing
  3. the only cells that survive are the ones that randomly mutate to be resistant
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7
Q

driver mutation

A

causes/contributes to oncogenesis

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8
Q

passenger mutation

A

accumulate due to poor genome maintenance in cancer cells, but incidental to cancer phenotype
-outnumber driver mutations

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9
Q

cancer=mutation+opportunity

A

-not every cell with a mutation becomes cancer
-not every cell with an oncogenic mutation becomes cancer

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10
Q

what are experimental models to study cancer?

A

-cell culture (yeast, bacteria)
-animals: genetically induce cancer or transplant human cancers into immunocompromised animals
-humans (organoids, genetics)

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11
Q

functional analysis of potentially cancerous mutations

A

is it necessary?
-remove a part and see if processes are turned off
is it sufficient?
-add one thing and see if process is turned on

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12
Q

necessity tests-how to remove a gene or protein?

A

-gene knockouts
-interference with RNA (knockdowns)
-interference with protein (function blocking antibody, dominant-interference

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13
Q

sufficiency tests-how to add a gene or protein?

A

-gene: deliver gene construct that results in gene expression
-RNA: inject X into mRNA
-protein: inject X protein

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14
Q

reverse transcriptase PCR (rtPCR)

A

-isolate cells, then mRNA
-reverse transcribe mRNA to cDNA
-use primers to amplify specific regions
-measure output thru gel, fluorescence, etc

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15
Q

in situ hybridization

A

-fix whole tissue
-use a probe that is the DNA sequence reverse complement of gene being tested
-tells spatial where the gene is located

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16
Q

RNAseq

A

-isolate mRNA
-PCR to cDNA and add adapters sequence
-map result back to the genome

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17
Q

western blot

A

-separates protein by size
-uses a fluorescent antibody to target specific protein

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18
Q

flow cytometry

A

cells of interest are labeled with antibodies and sorted using a laser

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19
Q

immunohisochemistry(IHC)/ immunoflurescence

A

-primary antibody binds to antigen of interest
-2nd antibody is fluoresently labeled
-can see where antigen is located

20
Q

immunnoprecipitation

A

isolation of proteins and other biomolecules from cell or tissue lysates for the purpose of subsequent detection by western blotting and other assay techniques.

21
Q

cyclin dependent kinase (CDK)

A

add a phosphate group to proteins to activate or inactivate them
-always present in a cell
-default function is inactive
-only active when bound to a specific cyclin

22
Q

cyclins

A

activate CDKs
-specific cyclins are made at specific times

23
Q

Wee1 kinase

A

inhibitory phosphorylation

24
Q

cdc25 phosphatase

A

removal of inhibitory phosphorylation

25
Q

CAK

A

activating phosphorylation

26
Q

spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC)

A

misalignment of chromosomes prevents CDK from activating APC
-alignment of chromosomes is detected by a conformational change in proteins on the chromosome caused by microtubule attachment and tension (during metaphase)
-prevents cell from going into anaphase until all chromosomes are aligned

27
Q

oncogene

A

encodes a protein that can cause cancer

28
Q

proto-oncogene

A

“normal” unmutated version of an oncogene

29
Q

Her2

A

receptor that regulates cell growth and division

30
Q

ligand

A

small protein or molecule

31
Q

receptor

A

transmembrane protein that binds to extracellular cue and initiates intracellular signals

32
Q

effector

A

generally many molecules acting in cascade can cluster by protein-protein interactions motifs

33
Q

transcription factor

A

regulate gene expression

34
Q

cell signalling

A

-transmission from outside of cell to nucleus
-fast ON and OFF
-energetically cheap

35
Q

gene expression

A

-slow ON and OFF
-stable changes
-energetically costly

36
Q

receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)

A

-high affinity cell surface receptors for polypeptide growth factors
-causes trans-autophosphorylation
-activate Ras/MAPK pathway
-transient phosphorylation syncs with entry into S phase

37
Q

EGF (epidermal growth factor)

A

-small protein that stimulates epithelial cell division
-binds to EGF receptor

38
Q

steps of RTK firing

A
  1. specific ligand binding (EGF binds)
  2. stable dimerization of RTK by EGF binding
  3. trans-autophosphorylation
    -triggers tyr phosphorylation of downstream effectors
39
Q

how are mitogens/RTKs linked to the cell cycle

A

-many growth factors signal through RTKs
-activating the Ras-mediated MAPK pathway to promote proliferation

40
Q

what are mutations in RTK firing that are oncogenic?

A

-mutations affecting structure: lack of ligand binding site that results in the constant dimerization and phosphorylation of the tyr kinase domain
-mutations causing overexpression: mutation in regulatory region that results in constitutive expression, results in molecular crowding and unregulated phosphorylation and unregulated cell growth

41
Q

herceptin that targets Her2

A

antibody therapy
-blocks cleavage of Her2, prevents signal transduction pathway
-blocks dimerization, prevents signal transduction pathway
-endocytosis: downregulates Her2 by bringing it inside the cell
-activation of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity: immune effector cell binds to herceptin, results in a immune attack and lysis of the tumor cell

42
Q

oncogene

A

gene capable of transforming a normal cell into a tumor cell

43
Q

v-onco

A

-viral oncogene
-gene carried in a virus, derived from a cellular gene, promotes proliferation in infected cell

44
Q

c-onco

A

-cellular oncogene
-gene that promotes cellular proliferation in a controlled manner under normal situations

45
Q

Rous experiment

A
  1. sarcoma in a chicken is removed
  2. grind up sarcoma with sand and pass thru fine pore filter
    -only allowed virus thru
  3. inject filtrate into chicken and observe to see if tumor grows
    Results: discovered RSV
46
Q

focus assay

A

way to measure oncogenic properties
-an immunostaining technique and a variation of the viral plaque assay

MCDB 135 (1 decks)

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