Midterm #1 Flashcards
What are error bars?
Represents the uncertainty or variation of the corresponding coordinate of the point and can see if it is significant or not
- Always defined in the figure legend
Exocrine
release substances thru a duct: salivary glands, sweat glands
Endocrine
blood stream, target cells, blind receptors (signal cells), tissue
The endocrine system is a collection of glands that secrete hormones
These are messages that pass signals through the blood to a targeted organ
The receptor cells recognize these messages and act accordingly
Endocrine Disruptors
Block or stimulate receptors such as an endocrine disruptor produces more estrogen in the body than needed
BPA, PFAS
What are the effects of endocrine disruptors?
Altered reproductive function in males and females
Increased incidence of breast, ovarian, and prostate cancers
Neuro-developmental delays in children
ADD
Immune and auto-immune diseases
Female Characteristics
Prepubescent children have low levels of all the sex hormones
Female ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone
General physical changes:
Enlargement of the external and internal genitalia
Matured ovaries start to release a mature ovum
Ovulation and menstruation begin
Hair growth changes
Mental changes
Changes in body confirmation
Hips and breast development
Mammary gland enlargement
Increase in body fat mass
Sebaceous gland secretions thicken/increase: ACNE
male physical changes
Enlargement of the external and internal genitalia
Voice changes: deeper voice
More pronounced adam’s apple
Hair growth face and body
Mental changes
Changes in body conformation: increased height, broadening of shoulders, greater muscle mass
Acne
male puberty
Male fetus grows, the testes secrete testosterone: causes genitalia to develop from the embryonic sex organs
Puberty begins btw ages of 9-14
Promotes sperm production in the testes and development of the secondary sexual characteristics
sex determination: XY Male
srY gene: TDF (testis determining factor) → primitive gonads (testes) → testosterone (promote wolffian ducts and male structures) and MIS (inhibits mullerian ducts and blocks female structures)
sex determination: XX female
No TDF, primitive gonads → produces ovaries → No testosterone → no develop of wolffian ducts → no male structures
No MIS → mullerian ducts DO develop into female structures
Any defects in producing MIS or testosterone could create intersex or a person having multiple structures
Male production of Sperm and testosterone
HPG AXIS: Brain (hypothalamus) with GnRH → Anterior pituitary → FSH and LH → Gonads → Sperm production and testosterone
FSH: sperm production
LH: Testosterone
When the levels get high enough then there are feedback loops to the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus which blocks GnRH, FSH, and LH (negative feedback loop)
Positive feedback loop testosterone to sperm production
female production for estrogen and progesterone
GnRH → Pituitary → FSH and LH → Ovaries → estrogen and progesterone
High levels feedback to hypothalamus and pituitary (negative feedback loop)
corpus luteum
post egg rupture (white figure in the picture above) → development and maintenance of the uterine lining.
a hormone-secreting structure that develops in an ovary after an ovum has been discharged but degenerates after a few days unless pregnancy has begun.
Birth control (female)
progesterone and estrogen: sending the negative feedback signals to the pituitary and hypothalamus to prevent the production of FSH and LH
The pill
Combination pills: block ovulation by preventing the ovaries from releasing an egg
LARC:
IUD or etonogestrel implant
DMPA, hormonal patch, the ring
Plan B, Ulipristal acetate, Yuzpe method
male hormonal birth control
Block the sperm production by making the negative feedback loop
Give some more testosterone because it also blocks testosterone production
Vas deferens blocker: stops sperm from leaving and stop maturation of sperm
High dose of testosterone injection trials
Oral capsules, injectables, transdermal gel
Contraceptive gel:
Combines the hormones testosterone and nesterone
Epididymal protease inhibitor: non hormonal male contraceptive pill
YCT529: another non hormonal pill
Vasalgel: gel is injected into the vas deferens
Contraline’s ADAM system hydrogel implant
