Midterm 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Name 5 structures within the mediastinum
A
- Heart
- Trachea
- Esophagus
- Thymus
- Great vessels
2
Q
Name 3 structures that make up the upper respiratory tract
A
- Nose
- Pharynx
- Larynx
3
Q
Name 4 structures that make up the lower respiratory tract
A
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Alveoli
4
Q
At what point do the bronchi bifurcate?
A
Sternal angle
5
Q
At what point do the bronchi enter the lungs?
A
Hila
6
Q
How does the right bronchus differ from the left bronchus?
A
Shorter, more vertical
7
Q
Name 3 layers of the lungs
A
- Visceral pleura
- Pleural cavity
- Parietal pleura
8
Q
Name the fissures of the lungs
A
Right lung: Horizontal and oblique fissures
Left lung: oblique fissure
9
Q
Name 2 innate defenses of the respiratory tract
A
- Ciliated columnar cells
- Alveolar macrophages
10
Q
Where are the respiratory centres of the brain located?
A
Pons and medulla
11
Q
Where are the chemoreceptors affecting the respiratory system located, and what do they detect?
A
Aortic arch, H+ and CO2
12
Q
Which rib does the angle of Louis correspond to?
A
2nd rib
13
Q
Which intercostal space is approximately at the level of the nipple?
A
5th ICS
14
Q
Which rib corresponds with the inferior margin of the sternum?
A
7th rib
15
Q
Which rib can be palpated at the inferior margin of the ribcage anteriorly?
A
10th rib
16
Q
Where would you auscultate the lung apices anteriorly?
A
Above the clavicles
17
Q
Where would you auscultate the upper lobes anteriorly?
A
2nd ICS
18
Q
What else can be assessed at the 2nd ICS?
A
Vocal fremitus, aortic and pulmonic valves
19
Q
Where would you auscultate the right middle lobe?
A
4th ICS
20
Q
Which vertebra is at the level of the scapular spinous processes?
A
T3
21
Q
Which vertebra corresponds to the inferior angle of the scapulae?
A
T7
22
Q
Where would you auscultate the upper lobes posteriorly?
A
C7-T3
23
Q
Name 3 accessory muscles of breathing
A
- Sternocleidomastoid
- Trapezius
- Abdominal muscles
24
Q
Name 4 signs of reduced oxygenation
A
- Reduced alertness
- Nostril flaring
- Somnolence
- Cyanosis
25
Name the term for air trapped in subcutaneous tissues, normally due to emphysema
Crepitus
26
Why is the presence of vocal/tactile fremitus significant?
Mucus, lung collapse, or obstruction can block vibrations.
27
What normal lung sounds are heard over the trachea?
Bronchial
28
Name 3 characteristics of bronchial sounds
1. Loud
2. High pitched
3. Longer on expiration
29
What normal lung sounds are heard in the 2nd ICS anteriorly, and between the scapulae posteriorly?
Bronchovesicular
30
Name 3 characteristics of bronchovesicular sounds
1. Blowing
2. Medium pitch
3. Equal inspiration and expiration
31
What normal lung sounds are heard over the lung periphery?
Vesicular
32
Name 4 characteristics of vesicular sounds
1. Soft
2. Breezy
3. Low pitched
4. Longer on inspiration
33
What is another term for crackles?
Rales
34
What causes rales?
Sudden reinflation of alveoli
35
When are crackles heard?
Inspiration only
36
Can crackles be cleared with coughing?
No
37
What is another term for rhonchi?
Sonorous wheeze
38
Name 4 possible causes for rhonchi
1. Muscle spasm
2. Fluid, mucus
3. New growth
4. External pressure
39
Name 2 characteristics of rhonchi
1. Low pitched
2. Rumbling
40
When are rhonchi heard?
Usually expiration, but can be inspiration
41
Can rhonchi be cleared with coughing?
Sometimes
42
What is another term for wheezes?
Sibilant wheeze
43
What causes wheezes?
Narrowed or obstructed airway
44
Where are wheezes heard?
Anywhere
45
Name 3 characteristics of wheezes
1. High pitched
2. Continuous
3. Musical
46
When are wheezes heard?
Usually expiration, but can be inspiration
47
What causes a pleural friction rub?
Inflammation of pleura
48
Name 3 characteristics of pleural friction rub
1. Dry
2. Grating
3. Rubbing
49
Where can pleural friction rub be heard?
Anterior lateral base of lung
50
When can pleural friction rub be heard?
Inspiration or expiration, usually both
51
What causes stridor?
Obstruction or narrowing of upper respiratory tract
52
Name 2 characteristics of stridor
1. High pitched
2. Whistling
53
Where is stridor heard?
Trachea
54
When is stridor heard?
Inspiration or expiration
55
What are 2 possible causes of diminished breath sounds?
1. Obstruction of lower respiratory tract
2. Air trapping (such as in emphysema)
56
What are 2 possible causes of absent breath sounds?
1. Pneumothorax
2. Atelectasis
57
What are 2 functions of female breasts?
1. Produce and store milk
2. Sexual stimulation
58
What 3 tissues comprise female breasts?
1. Glandular tissue
2. Fibrous supporting ligaments
3. Fat
59
Name 3 groups of lymph nodes in the area of the breasts
1. Supraclavicular
2. Infraclavicular
3. Axillary
60
Name 4 age related changes in the chest and lungs
1. Increased anteroposterior diameter
2. Decreased lung elasticity
3. Decreased muscle strength
4. Decreased innate defenses
61
Name 4 age related breast changes
1. Glandular atrophy
2. Fibrous ligament weakening
3. Nipples shrink
4. Breast tissue feels stringy and nodular
62
When should women start having mammograms?
Age 50
63
What are 3 characteristics of lymph notes that would be concerning on palpation?
1. Hard
2. Tender
3. Immobile
64
What are 3 characteristics of breast nodules that may indicate fibrocystic breast disease?
1. Soft
2. Well differentiated
3. Mobile
65
What are 3 kinds of medications that affect urinary elimination, and what are their effects?
1. Anti-anxiety drugs: incontinence
2. Diuretics: polyuria, incontinence
3. Opioids: retention
66
What may colourless urine signify?
Altered kidney function
67
What may orange urine signify?
Liver/gallbladder dysfunction
68
What may red-brown urine signify?
Bleeding
69
What may brown-black urine signify?
Melanin excretion
70
What 3 things may cause urine to appear cloudy?
1. Cells
2. Calculi
3. Bacteria
71
What may cause urine to smell strong or sharp?
Excretion of vitamins
72
What may cause urine to smell like ammonia?
Infection, ketosis
73
What may cause urine to smell fecal?
Fistula
74
What is the average urine output per day?
1500-1600 ml
75
How much urine can the bladder store?
500-600 ml
76
What is the term for a urine output of less than 500 ml per day?
Oliguria
77
What is the term for the concentration of urine?
Specific gravity
78
What is the normal range for specific gravity?
1.003-1.030
79
What may alkaline urine signify?
Infection
80
What are 3 types of cells that can be found in urine, and what do they signify?
1. WBC: infection
2. RBC: bleed
3. Epithelial cells: necrosis
81
What is the term for cylindrical bodies that take on the shape of objects within the renal tubule?
Casts
82
What two elements form crystals?
Calcium, phosphorus
83
What is the clinical term for bedwetting?
Enuresis
84
What kind of urine test requires sterile technique?
Culture and sensitivity
85
About how much urine is required for a specimen?
20-30 ml (from catheter: 5-15 ml)
86
What is the term for the feces of an infant 24-48 hr after birth?
Meconium
87
What 4 types of medications affect fecal elimination, and what are their effects?
1. Narcotics: constipation
2. Iron: constipation
3. Antibiotics: diarrhea
4. Laxatives: stimulate bowel movement
88
What are 3 characteristics of a normal abdomen?
1. Flat
2. Soft
3. Hollow
89
What frequency of bowel sounds is considered hypoactive?
q1-2min
90
What frequency of bowel sounds is considered hyperactive?
q3sec
91
What are 3 potential causes for hypoactive bowel sounds?
1. Hypokalemia
2. Paralytic ileus
3. Advanced obstruction
92
How long is the rectum?
12 cm
93
What is the formula for drug dose calculations?
Need
-------- = Units to be given
Have
