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TERM 2 N1260 SKILLS 2 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Name 5 structures within the mediastinum

A
  1. Heart
  2. Trachea
  3. Esophagus
  4. Thymus
  5. Great vessels
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2
Q

Name 3 structures that make up the upper respiratory tract

A
  1. Nose
  2. Pharynx
  3. Larynx
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3
Q

Name 4 structures that make up the lower respiratory tract

A
  1. Trachea
  2. Bronchi
  3. Bronchioles
  4. Alveoli
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4
Q

At what point do the bronchi bifurcate?

A

Sternal angle

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5
Q

At what point do the bronchi enter the lungs?

A

Hila

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6
Q

How does the right bronchus differ from the left bronchus?

A

Shorter, more vertical

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7
Q

Name 3 layers of the lungs

A
  1. Visceral pleura
  2. Pleural cavity
  3. Parietal pleura
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8
Q

Name the fissures of the lungs

A

Right lung: Horizontal and oblique fissures
Left lung: oblique fissure

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9
Q

Name 2 innate defenses of the respiratory tract

A
  1. Ciliated columnar cells
  2. Alveolar macrophages
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10
Q

Where are the respiratory centres of the brain located?

A

Pons and medulla

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11
Q

Where are the chemoreceptors affecting the respiratory system located, and what do they detect?

A

Aortic arch, H+ and CO2

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12
Q

Which rib does the angle of Louis correspond to?

A

2nd rib

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13
Q

Which intercostal space is approximately at the level of the nipple?

A

5th ICS

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14
Q

Which rib corresponds with the inferior margin of the sternum?

A

7th rib

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15
Q

Which rib can be palpated at the inferior margin of the ribcage anteriorly?

A

10th rib

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16
Q

Where would you auscultate the lung apices anteriorly?

A

Above the clavicles

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17
Q

Where would you auscultate the upper lobes anteriorly?

A

2nd ICS

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18
Q

What else can be assessed at the 2nd ICS?

A

Vocal fremitus, aortic and pulmonic valves

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19
Q

Where would you auscultate the right middle lobe?

A

4th ICS

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20
Q

Which vertebra is at the level of the scapular spinous processes?

A

T3

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21
Q

Which vertebra corresponds to the inferior angle of the scapulae?

A

T7

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22
Q

Where would you auscultate the upper lobes posteriorly?

A

C7-T3

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23
Q

Name 3 accessory muscles of breathing

A
  1. Sternocleidomastoid
  2. Trapezius
  3. Abdominal muscles
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24
Q

Name 4 signs of reduced oxygenation

A
  1. Reduced alertness
  2. Nostril flaring
  3. Somnolence
  4. Cyanosis
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25
Q

Name the term for air trapped in subcutaneous tissues, normally due to emphysema

A

Crepitus

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26
Q

Why is the presence of vocal/tactile fremitus significant?

A

Mucus, lung collapse, or obstruction can block vibrations.

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27
Q

What normal lung sounds are heard over the trachea?

A

Bronchial

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28
Q

Name 3 characteristics of bronchial sounds

A
  1. Loud
  2. High pitched
  3. Longer on expiration
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29
Q

What normal lung sounds are heard in the 2nd ICS anteriorly, and between the scapulae posteriorly?

A

Bronchovesicular

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30
Q

Name 3 characteristics of bronchovesicular sounds

A
  1. Blowing
  2. Medium pitch
  3. Equal inspiration and expiration
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31
Q

What normal lung sounds are heard over the lung periphery?

A

Vesicular

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32
Q

Name 4 characteristics of vesicular sounds

A
  1. Soft
  2. Breezy
  3. Low pitched
  4. Longer on inspiration
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33
Q

What is another term for crackles?

A

Rales

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34
Q

What causes rales?

A

Sudden reinflation of alveoli

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35
Q

When are crackles heard?

A

Inspiration only

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36
Q

Can crackles be cleared with coughing?

A

No

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37
Q

What is another term for rhonchi?

A

Sonorous wheeze

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38
Q

Name 4 possible causes for rhonchi

A
  1. Muscle spasm
  2. Fluid, mucus
  3. New growth
  4. External pressure
39
Q

Name 2 characteristics of rhonchi

A
  1. Low pitched
  2. Rumbling
40
Q

When are rhonchi heard?

A

Usually expiration, but can be inspiration

41
Q

Can rhonchi be cleared with coughing?

A

Sometimes

42
Q

What is another term for wheezes?

A

Sibilant wheeze

43
Q

What causes wheezes?

A

Narrowed or obstructed airway

44
Q

Where are wheezes heard?

A

Anywhere

45
Q

Name 3 characteristics of wheezes

A
  1. High pitched
  2. Continuous
  3. Musical
46
Q

When are wheezes heard?

A

Usually expiration, but can be inspiration

47
Q

What causes a pleural friction rub?

A

Inflammation of pleura

48
Q

Name 3 characteristics of pleural friction rub

A
  1. Dry
  2. Grating
  3. Rubbing
49
Q

Where can pleural friction rub be heard?

A

Anterior lateral base of lung

50
Q

When can pleural friction rub be heard?

A

Inspiration or expiration, usually both

51
Q

What causes stridor?

A

Obstruction or narrowing of upper respiratory tract

52
Q

Name 2 characteristics of stridor

A
  1. High pitched
  2. Whistling
53
Q

Where is stridor heard?

A

Trachea

54
Q

When is stridor heard?

A

Inspiration or expiration

55
Q

What are 2 possible causes of diminished breath sounds?

A
  1. Obstruction of lower respiratory tract
  2. Air trapping (such as in emphysema)
56
Q

What are 2 possible causes of absent breath sounds?

A
  1. Pneumothorax
  2. Atelectasis
57
Q

What are 2 functions of female breasts?

A
  1. Produce and store milk
  2. Sexual stimulation
58
Q

What 3 tissues comprise female breasts?

A
  1. Glandular tissue
  2. Fibrous supporting ligaments
  3. Fat
59
Q

Name 3 groups of lymph nodes in the area of the breasts

A
  1. Supraclavicular
  2. Infraclavicular
  3. Axillary
60
Q

Name 4 age related changes in the chest and lungs

A
  1. Increased anteroposterior diameter
  2. Decreased lung elasticity
  3. Decreased muscle strength
  4. Decreased innate defenses
61
Q

Name 4 age related breast changes

A
  1. Glandular atrophy
  2. Fibrous ligament weakening
  3. Nipples shrink
  4. Breast tissue feels stringy and nodular
62
Q

When should women start having mammograms?

A

Age 50

63
Q

What are 3 characteristics of lymph notes that would be concerning on palpation?

A
  1. Hard
  2. Tender
  3. Immobile
64
Q

What are 3 characteristics of breast nodules that may indicate fibrocystic breast disease?

A
  1. Soft
  2. Well differentiated
  3. Mobile
65
Q

What are 3 kinds of medications that affect urinary elimination, and what are their effects?

A
  1. Anti-anxiety drugs: incontinence
  2. Diuretics: polyuria, incontinence
  3. Opioids: retention
66
Q

What may colourless urine signify?

A

Altered kidney function

67
Q

What may orange urine signify?

A

Liver/gallbladder dysfunction

68
Q

What may red-brown urine signify?

A

Bleeding

69
Q

What may brown-black urine signify?

A

Melanin excretion

70
Q

What 3 things may cause urine to appear cloudy?

A
  1. Cells
  2. Calculi
  3. Bacteria
71
Q

What may cause urine to smell strong or sharp?

A

Excretion of vitamins

72
Q

What may cause urine to smell like ammonia?

A

Infection, ketosis

73
Q

What may cause urine to smell fecal?

A

Fistula

74
Q

What is the average urine output per day?

A

1500-1600 ml

75
Q

How much urine can the bladder store?

A

500-600 ml

76
Q

What is the term for a urine output of less than 500 ml per day?

A

Oliguria

77
Q

What is the term for the concentration of urine?

A

Specific gravity

78
Q

What is the normal range for specific gravity?

A

1.003-1.030

79
Q

What may alkaline urine signify?

A

Infection

80
Q

What are 3 types of cells that can be found in urine, and what do they signify?

A
  1. WBC: infection
  2. RBC: bleed
  3. Epithelial cells: necrosis
81
Q

What is the term for cylindrical bodies that take on the shape of objects within the renal tubule?

A

Casts

82
Q

What two elements form crystals?

A

Calcium, phosphorus

83
Q

What is the clinical term for bedwetting?

A

Enuresis

84
Q

What kind of urine test requires sterile technique?

A

Culture and sensitivity

85
Q

About how much urine is required for a specimen?

A

20-30 ml (from catheter: 5-15 ml)

86
Q

What is the term for the feces of an infant 24-48 hr after birth?

A

Meconium

87
Q

What 4 types of medications affect fecal elimination, and what are their effects?

A
  1. Narcotics: constipation
  2. Iron: constipation
  3. Antibiotics: diarrhea
  4. Laxatives: stimulate bowel movement
88
Q

What are 3 characteristics of a normal abdomen?

A
  1. Flat
  2. Soft
  3. Hollow
89
Q

What frequency of bowel sounds is considered hypoactive?

A

q1-2min

90
Q

What frequency of bowel sounds is considered hyperactive?

A

q3sec

91
Q

What are 3 potential causes for hypoactive bowel sounds?

A
  1. Hypokalemia
  2. Paralytic ileus
  3. Advanced obstruction
92
Q

How long is the rectum?

A

12 cm

93
Q

What is the formula for drug dose calculations?

A

Need
——– = Units to be given
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TERM 2 N1260 SKILLS 2 (3 decks)

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