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slp 664 fluency > midterm 1 > Flashcards

midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are fluency inducing behaviors?

A
  1. Singing
    2.whispering
  2. speaking while performing a play (acting)
  3. speaking in a slow prolonged manner
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2
Q

what are fluency inducing conditions?

A
  1. delayed auditory feedback
  2. loud nouse
  3. external rhythmic stimulus
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3
Q

What is delayed auditory feedback?

A

-Takes the speakers air conducted or airborne sidetone while speaking and delays the arrival of this sidetone to the speakers’s ears (auditory system) by fractions of a second.
-In other words, “changes” (ex: slowing down their speech rate) in natural conversation – similar to whispering or singing — may be induced by DAF.
-Commercially available DAF units, similar in size to modern-day hearing aids, appear to be of help for some adults who stutter

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4
Q

What is adaption of stuttering? & how do you measure it?

A
  1. refers to DECREASES in stuttering frequency during successive oral readings or speaking of the same materials

2.Measured:
(1) increasing the time interval in between successive readings,
(2) increasing the number of listeners with each successive oral reading
(3) changing the material that is read or spoken in each of the successive readings

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5
Q

What is consistency of stuttering? & how do you measure it?

A

1.people who stutter tend to stutter on the same words when they read the same text aloud
2.Measured : The % of words that are consistently stuttered across multiple oral readings of the same material

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6
Q

What is SOUND SYLLABLE REPETITION?

A

repeating the first sound of the word multiple times
ex: B-B-Bobby

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7
Q

what is MULTISYLLABIC WHOLE WORD REPETITION?

A

Someone repeats the first word multiple times
ex: Bobby-bobby look at this

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8
Q

What is MONOSYLLABIC REPETITIONS?

A

Repetition of one or single-syllable words
ex: I-I-I am going

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9
Q

what is AUDIBLE SOUND PROLONGATION?

A

longer than 0.500 seconds
ex: mmmmmmmore cake please

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10
Q

what is INAUDIBLE SOUND PROLONGATION?

A

BLOCK longer than .500 seconds
ex: T(0.750sec silence while hold artic posture) oday is Monday

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11
Q

what are INTERJECTIONS

A

repeated multiple times
ex: I will, ah ah ah ah , be late

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12
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

describes what occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired. The unconditioned stimulus is the first elicitor of the response and then a neutral stimulus as the paired stimulus begins to elicit the response on its own

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13
Q

What is operant conditioning

A

aka instrumental conditioning
-the strength of a given behavior is modified by a system of reinforces vs correctors/ punishers

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14
Q

What is APPROACH-AVOIDANCE CONFLICT theory?

A

-A nurture-based theory that maintains stuttering is a side-effect of the opposing drives of “to speak or not to speak.”
-According to this theory, for a person who stutters, speaking has two “tendencies”: one positive (e.g., I can say what I want) and one negative (e.g., I do not want to stutter).
-This theory suggests that the person will approach the positive and avoid the negative.

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15
Q

What is the DEMANDS & CAPACITIES model?

A

stuttering occurs when the “demands” (social or otherwise) placed on a child for fluent speech exceed their “capacities” (social-emotional maturity, language formulation, cognitive skills, and/or speech motor) for producing fluency

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16
Q

What is the DIAGNOSOGENIC theory?

A

A nurture-related theory that claimed that literally the genesis(origin) of the stuttering developed due to parents’ mis-diagnosis of normal disfluencies as stuttered.

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17
Q

What is the cerebral dominance theory? \
What implications did it have for handedness, looking ahead to Chapter 5?

A

-A physiological or “nature”-based claim that stuttering is a side-effect of a conflict over control of left and right hemispheres

-Left-handed children were forced to write with their right hand. This change in handedness was thought to prevent the development of a dominant hemisphere for speech and language, thereby contributing to the emergence of stuttering.

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18
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

a cellular unit made up of a long DNA molecule

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19
Q

what is DNA?

A

-Deoxyribonucleic acid is a molecule composed of two strings of nucleic acids that coil around each other to form a double helix.
- DNA contains genetic instructions for the development, function, growth, and reproduction of all known organisms and many viruses.

20
Q

What is a gene?

A

A functional and heritable unit of DNA, typically translated into RNA which may or may not later be translated into protein.

21
Q

What is a RNA?

A

Ribonucleic acid is an essential molecule involved in gene expression, with key roles in translation, transcription, and regulating gene expression. Like DNA, RNA comprises strings of nucleic acids.

22
Q

What is heritability?

A

A measure of the variance in a trait that can be explained by genetic factors.

23
Q

What are dizygotic twins?

A

fraternal twins sharing approximately 50%

24
Q

What are monozygotic twin?

A

Identical twins with identical genomes.

25
Q

What is a mutation?

A

an alteration in the nucleotide sequence of the genome?

26
Q

Explain the mnemonic device of LaSalle’s “two-thirds rule x 3” of how developmental stuttering has a mostly genetic etiology.

A
  • 2/3 of ppl who stutter have a POSITIVE fam history for current or past stuttering
  • 2/3 heritability from monozygotic (identical) & dizygotic (fraternal) twins
    Monozygotic (identical) twins are more consistent for stuttering (44%) THAN dizygotic(fraternal) (14%)
  • 2/3 of the variance in twins who stutter can be attributed to be genetic effects
27
Q

What is the DIRECTIONS INTO VELOCITIES OF ARTICULATION? (DIVA)

A

possibility of two directions of neuronal influence on stuttering, either:
(a) impaired ventral motor/premotor cortex processing preventing the basal ganglia from creating a speech sequence initiation, yielding stuttering; or
(b) impaired basal ganglia neural processing leading to the ventral motor/ventral premotor cortices putting out less effective motor programs, creating instances of stuttering?

28
Q

What is GRADIENT ORDER DIRECTIONS INTO VELOCITIES OF ARTICULATION (GODIVA)

A

A computational model of speech production associated with neural processes for the initiation and sequencing of speech.

29
Q

What is POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY?

A

A brain imaging method that uses a radioactive drug (tracer) to show brain activity.

30
Q

What is FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING?(fMRI)

A

allows for the quantification of structural and functional brain characteristics associated with developmental stuttering; measures patterns of brain activity associated with perceptual, cognitive, behavioral, and emotional processes

Cerebral blood flow is shown with high spatial resolution in a magnetic field that produces three-dimensional detailed anatomical images of brain structure

31
Q

What is ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY (EEG)?

A

Measures brain function by directly recording electrical activity in the cortex

32
Q

What is MAGNETOENCEPHALOGRAPHY? (MEG)

A

detects magnetic fields that are associated with electrical brain activity.
Both MEG & EEG provide low resolution=hard to tell where the brain activity is occurring.

33
Q

What is ELECTROMYOGRAPHY? (EMG)

A

A method of recording of electrical activity from muscle tissue using electrodes inserted into the muscle or placed on the skin surface.

34
Q

Gray matter vs White matter?

A

GM: Areas of neuronal cell bodies in the brain whose activation is associated with speech-language processes; Parts of the brain that are involved in speech planning processes have reduced gray matter.

WM:Pathways that connect the gray matter regions of the brain. These pathways carry information from one part of the brain to another. Studies have proven that people who stutter have decreased white matter integrity in parts of the brain that are involved in the mapping of speech sounds to motor plan.v

35
Q

Location and function of :
BASAL GANGLIA

A

F: The function of the basal ganglia is to plan and execute movements, and the basal ganglia serve as the main relay station for the extrapyramidal motor system.

L:Group of neurons underneath the cortex that includes globus pallidus, and striatum. Center of brain; connected to areas of the cortex, thalamus, brainstem

36
Q

Location and function of :
CEREBELLUM

A

F:Contributes to speech motor control and other functions, including coordination and timing of movement

37
Q

Location and function of :
CEREBELLUM

A

F:Contributes to speech motor control and other functions, including coordination and timing of movement

L:Area of the posterior brain

38
Q

What is the FRONTAL ASLANT TRACT?

A

F: involvement in speech and language functions (verbal fluency, initiation and inhibition of speech, sentence production, and lexical decision) as well as executive functions, visual–motor activities, orofacial movements, inhibitory control, working memory, social community tasks, attention, and music processing

L: A fiber tract or bundle of axons that connect the lateral inferior frontal gyrus and supplementary motor areas (white matter tract)

39
Q

What is PUTAMEN?

A

F: involved in the selection and initiation of movement sequences

L:A subcortical structure of the basal ganglia

40
Q

What is SUPPLEMENTARY MOTOR AREA?

A

F: in front of the motor cortex that contributes to motor control

L:Part of the cerebral cortex, in front of the motor cortex

41
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

F:Associated with [speech] motor control

L:A subcortical area of gray matter that acts as a relay center for signaling between the cortex and basal ganglia

42
Q

About how many adults who stutter are likely to be “accepting” of medications that might alleviate stuttering symptoms (i.e., seeing a high necessity for medications, with relatively low concerns for their safety)?

A

⅕ or 16%

43
Q

Differentiate an agonist from an antagonist.

A

Agonist:
are chemicals that bind to a receptor, which produces a biological response.

antagonist: block the action of the agonist, thereby preventing agonists from acting at the receptor; blocker medications.

44
Q

what is dopamine?

A

A neurotransmitter of the catecholamine class with many functions, for example, learning, attention, reward, and motivation-related pathways in the brain.

45
Q

What is dyskinesia?

A

Abnormality or impairment of voluntary movement, typically due to neurological disease or a side effect of a medication.

46
Q

what is iatrogenic?

A

Greek for the concept of “bringing forth by a healer.” This concept or word refers to effects that result from health care professionals’ use of products or services with the intent of gaining health benefits, but which negatively affects some behavior/condition of the patient (e.g., a worsening of developmental stuttering or acquired stuttering).

47
Q

What is “off-label” use of medication?

A

The use of a medication to treat a disorder or symptom, for which it does not have an FDA indication.

slp 664 fluency (2 decks)

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