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Cell Bio for Engineers > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Aspartic Acid

A

Asp, negative polar

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2
Q

Glutamic Acid

A

Glu, negative polar

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3
Q

Arginine

A

Arg, positive polar

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4
Q

Lysine

A

Lys, positive polar

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5
Q

Histidine

A

His, positive polar

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6
Q

Aspargine

A

Asn, uncharged polar

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7
Q

Glutamine

A

Gln, uncharged polar

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8
Q

Serine

A

Ser, uncharged polar

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9
Q

Threonine

A

Thr, uncharged polar

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10
Q

Tyrosine

A

Tyr, uncharged polar

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11
Q

Alanine

A

Ala, nonpolar

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12
Q

Glycine

A

Gly, nonpolar

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13
Q

Valine

A

Val, nonpolar

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14
Q

Leucine

A

Leu, nonpolar

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15
Q

Isoleucine

A

Ile, nonpolar

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16
Q

Proline

A

Pro, nonpolar

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17
Q

Phenylalanine

A

Phe, nonpolar

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18
Q

Methionine

A

Met, nonpolar

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19
Q

Tryptophan

A

Trp, nonpolar

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20
Q

Cysteine

A

Cys, nonpolar

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21
Q

Shape of protein is determined by?

A

Its amino acid sequence

22
Q

Each proteins starts with?

A

An amino group (NH3+) called the N-Terminus

23
Q

Each protein ends with?

A

A carboxyl group (COO-) called the C-Terminus

24
Q

Proteins are generally folded into…

A

the conformation with the lowest energy

25
Q

The 3 types of noncovalent bonds involved in folding:

A

hydrogen bonding, ionic bonding, van derWaals attractions

26
Q

True or False? Denatured proteins can refold into their original conformations.

A

True

27
Q

Primary Structure

A

the linear amino acid sequence of the polypeptide chain

28
Q

Secondary Structure

A

partial 3D shape of the regions in proteins e.g. alpha helices, beta sheets

29
Q

Tertiary structure

A

the entire 3D structure of a single protein molecule

30
Q

Quaternary structure

A

for proteins that form multi-molecule complexes of more than one polypeptide chain - describes how the molecules are packed together

31
Q

Protein domains form…

A

fundamental units in the structure of a protein

32
Q

ATP and NADH/NADPH are examples of…

A

activated carrier molecules

33
Q

ATP hydrolysis is used to drive…

A

unfavorable reactions

34
Q

What can motor proteins do by using energy provided by ATP hydrolysis?

A

They can “walk” along cytoskeletal elements

35
Q

Central Dogma of Biology

A

DNA – (transcription) –> RNA – (translation) –> protein

36
Q

DNA Replication is semi-conservative meaning that…

A

Only part of the original strand remains

37
Q

DNA is synthesized in the ___ to ___ direction?

A

5’ to 3’ direction

38
Q

DNA Polymerase synthesizes DNA by adding a…

A

deoxynucleotide to its 3’ end

39
Q

At the replication fork, the two DNA strands being replicated are of _______ polarities?

A

Opposite

40
Q

At each replication fork, the lagging strand is…

A

synthesized in pieces

41
Q

DNA Polymerase checks for ____(s) that occur during replication

A

Errors

42
Q

___ ____ synthesized by DNA Primase are required for the initiation of DNA synthesis.

A

RNA Primers, these are later removed

43
Q

DNA ____ seals _____ fragments synthesized during DNA replication

A

Ligase, Okazaki

44
Q

DNA transcription produces a _____-stranded RNA that is ______ to on strand of DNA

A

single, complimentary

45
Q

Function of mRNA

A

messenger RNAs, code for proteins

46
Q

Function of rRNA

A

ribosomal RNAs, form the basic structure of the ribosome and catalyze protein synthesis

47
Q

Function of tRNA

A

transfer RNAs, central to protein synthesis as adaptors between mRNA and amino acids

48
Q

Function of snRNA

A

small nuclear RNA, function in a variety of nuclear processes, including the splicing of pre-mRNA

49
Q

Function of snoRNA

A

small nucleolar RNA, used to process and chemically modify rRNAs

50
Q

Eukaryotic genes have ____ and ____.

A

introns and exons

51
Q

In eukaryotes, RNA is spliced…

A

after transcription

52
Q

Some genes have alternative splicing schemes to produce…

A

different proteins from the same DNA sequence

Cell Bio for Engineers (5 decks)

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