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Social Inequality > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is social inequality?

A

is a condition in which individuals, families, or
members of larger structures like neighborhoods or cities vary with
regard to access to valued resources such as wealth, income,
education, healthcare, and jobs (e.g., gender inequality).

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2
Q

What is social stratification?

A

hierarchy providing
different groups varied rewards, resources, and privileges and
establishing structures, practices, and relationships that both
determine and legitimate those outcomes

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3
Q

What is the difference between social inequality + stratification?

A

Inequality between individuals or population groups vs institutional system of inequality

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4
Q

What is social mobility?

A

Movement of people up or down the stratification sysetm

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5
Q

What are the different types of social mobility?

A
  • Horizontal mobility
  • Vertical mobility
  • Upward mobility
  • Downward mobility
  • Intragenerational mobility
  • Intergenerational mobility
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6
Q

What are the main parameters of interest regarding social inequality?

A

-Overal amount of inequality
-Level of rigidity in stratification structure
-Ascriptive process (conditions at birth that influence an individual)
-Degree of crystallization (Correlation among different types of socially valued resources)

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7
Q

What are the different ways to measure occupation?

A

prestige score, socioeconomic status, and nominal classification

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8
Q

Do we study the relationship between education, occupation, and income over life times or between generations?

A

Both are important to see social inequality in a micro and macro level

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9
Q

Occupation vs education and income. How are they measured differently?

A

Occupation is a multidimensional outlook of education and income.
Education and income on their own do not accurately rank your human capital.

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10
Q

How do the different measurements of occupation differ?

A

Occupational prestige measures how prestigious (powerful) a given occupation is compared to other occupations, socioeconomic status is the average of income and education, and nominal classification represents a given occupation in the job market (what class the occupation falls under).

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11
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the different measurements of occupations?

A

Some use data, while others only focus on opinion, and others only focus on environment

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12
Q

What is an occupation?

A

Collections of jobs that are regarded as similar with respect to their requirements, duties, and
responsibilities.

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13
Q

What is a pretty obvious measure of occupation?

A

Employment status (Full or part-time vs employed or unemployed vs in labor force or not)

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14
Q

What is the status attainment process?

A

The process in which we acquire various status attributes.

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15
Q

What is a career?

A

a career is a term that looks at three aspects:
1. Job Trajectory
2. Work History
3. Sequence of Jobs
(Think of a career change)

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16
Q

What is intragenerational mobility?

A

Changing status in social hierarchy throughout ones lifetime

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17
Q

What are some different career features?

A
  1. Ports of entry (single vs multiple entry portals)
  2. Branches + Career line change
    (can it lead into another career? age of career change)
  3. Career returns (occupation, age, and mobility affecting income)
  4. Importance of different job facets as a function of age
    (do people outgrow their job?)
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18
Q

What are the different career categories?

A
  1. Orderly career line
    (a leads to b)
  2. Chaotic Career line
    (minimum wage jobs)
  3. Craft career + professional career line
    (stay in the same place for long time)
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19
Q

What are the different theories of the intragenerational mobility process?

A

Individual explanation (static perspective - same skills and ability over time vs dynamic perspective - skills developed over time) vs structural explanation (create job later through internal labor market)

20
Q

What is the interplay between individual + structural factors?

A

People with more resources are more likely to get more pay or seek new work

21
Q

What does CAD stand for?

A

Cumulative advantages or disadvantages

22
Q

What is the CAD process?

A

advantage of one
individual or group over another grows (i.e., accumulates) over time, which is often
taken to mean that the inequality of this advantage grows over time.

23
Q

Is CAD significant?

A

Yes. Small differences early in life may expand to much bigger differences later on. Workers with less human capital are more likely to be in insecure jobs.

24
Q

What are the different critiques of the status attainment process?

A

Economic critique: people who invest in human capital get repaid with higher wages later

Sociological critique: social structure affects who gets what jobs

25
Q

What are the measures of intergenerational mobility?

A

Income, earnings, occupation, class, education, wealth

26
Q

What are the different perspectives on intergenerational mobility?

A

Sociological perspective (occupation status and social class) and Economic perspective (wages, earning, and income)

27
Q

What is IGE?

A

Intergenerational elasticity

28
Q

What does IGE measure?

A

The percent that one generation of wealth is passed onto the next

29
Q

What is the IGE range?

A

0 (none)- 1 (perfect)
0.32 is average

30
Q

Does inequality affect mobility?

A

It can but there are other factors. Think of IGE

31
Q

How are inequality and social mobility correlated?

A

Negatively correlated. One high other low.

32
Q

How is multigenerational mobility influenced and persistent?

A

Influenced by contact (active role in grandchildren’s education) and Durable Resources (pass on human capital)

Mechanized by wealth, family support, social isolation, persistent through hardship, CAD, and genetics.

33
Q

What are the types of intelligence?

A

Genotypic (potential) and phenotypic intelligence (realized intelligence)

34
Q

What is the role of social resources?

A

The more you have the more successful you will be (human capital).

35
Q

What are the two measurements of educational attainment?

A

Conventional - how much schooling

Dynamic - transition between levels of schooling

36
Q

What are the findings from the Blau- Duncan Model?

A

1) Mostly indirect effects through education level (parent affecting kid) but some direct effects through occupation + Education
2) Education affects both early and late occupational attainment while the
former also has a sizable effect on the latter.

37
Q

What are the findings from the Wisconsin Model?

A

1) Early occupational attainment is defined as primarily
a function of prior education (know this from other model).
2) All the effect that family’s socioeconomic status has on
a person’s educational and occupational attainment is due to its impact on
the types of attainment-related personal influences that the person receives
in his adolescence. (people voicing their opinion)

38
Q

What are the similarities and differences between the blau + Wisconsin models?

A

-Both display that indirect effects are more prevalent than direct effects
- The Wisconsin model adds to the other model saying peoples opinions can influence teenagers

39
Q

How does intelligence affect an individual?

A

Intelligence affects education, income, and occupation.

40
Q

What is the relationship between education and intelligence?

A

Intelligence is rewarded for the opportunity for more schooling usually ultimately leading to a high-paying job.

Survival of the fitest means smart people will have smart children.

41
Q

What are the three types of capital that effect educational attainment

A

Social capital, economic capital, and cultural capital

42
Q

How do each of the capital types affect educational attainment?

A

Social - social norms affect attitude towards school and help get things done by who you know

Economical- how money affects a child’s education. How much money is invested in a child’s education?

Cultural- exposure to high culture (well-rounded student) positively affects learning increasing educational attainment. Teachers will noticed this and help.

43
Q

How may someone make decisions regarding Educational Selection?

A

-cost-benefit analysis + human capital (economic view)
-people may feel they are expected to go (sociological view)

44
Q

What are the two heterogenous return of education theories?

A

Positive selection- those who are more likely to attend will benefit more from college

Negative selection- those who are less likely to go to college will benefit the most from college

45
Q

What theories explain the return on education?

A

Economical (positive) - assumed to be most attractive to those individuals who would benefit most from it.
Sociological (negative)- dependency on social destination

46
Q

What are the two Effects of Social Origins on Educational
Attainment?

A

Conventional Approach: you continue based on how much you have completed

Dynamic Approach: social origins typically declines across successive transitions

47
Q

What are the interpretations of the dynamic approach to educational attainment?

A

Interp 1: At each
transition those from low status origins are more highly selected than
those from high status origins

Interp 2: : Later
transitions involve older children, or those who are no longer children
at all, and hence are increasingly influenced by other factors than
their parents’ socioeconomic statuses

Social Inequality (1 decks)

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