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PSYC 339: Origins of the Mind > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Black plague changed the world

A

changed social dynamics, the government, economics, politics, etc.

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2
Q

John Locke

A

empiricist; believed our knowledge comes from learning, the environment, and experience; we are born as blank slates and experience shapes our minds; experience in the world necessary to develop knowledge

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3
Q

Immanuel Kant

A

believed experience is important, but knowledge is more than just experience; we are born with innate organizational and learning systems of the mind that determine how that experience is used

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4
Q

three areas to look when determining where cognitive systems form

A

in infants, imperative psychology (looking across species), cross-cultural studies

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5
Q

invariant information

A

information that is not changed over generations (ex. general face shape)

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6
Q

variant information

A

information/things that change over time (ex. politics, technology, social dynamics)

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7
Q

underlying modular systems

A

social modules, biological modules, physical modules

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8
Q

social modules

A

being able to communicate

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9
Q

biological modules

A

what’s biological and what’s not, what we do and don’t do

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10
Q

physical modules

A

being able to identify tools and process how to use them

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11
Q

two information domains of the mind

A

social information and ecological information

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12
Q

social information

A

information about who I am

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13
Q

ecological information

A

having information about the biological world

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14
Q

self schema

A

the idea of me; based on your experiences; your idea of youself

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15
Q

person schema

A

how we understand other individuals and how they affect us

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16
Q

group schema

A

whether groups are cooperative vs. hostile; who is in-group and who is out-group; different types of groups

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17
Q

innate cognitive functions

A

space perception, navigation, object representation, numbers, social cognition, culture, morality and religion, humor, intelligence, face processing

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18
Q

visual perception relies on…

A

light, our eyes, and how we act based on what we see

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19
Q

visual needs

A

hunting, precision in visual acuity, ability to read other people, ability to navigate the world

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20
Q

importance of vision for the human mind

A

primary source for information about the world, survival, protection, social interactions, mental representations

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21
Q

properties of light

A

reflection, transmission, absorption, scattering

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22
Q

cornea

A

outer, clear layer; basic transmission of light

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23
Q

iris

A

muscle with color

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24
Q

lens

A

focuses the light so that it ends up on the retina correctly

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25
Q

retina

A

two-dimensional membrane; image is upside down and mirrored on the retina; contains receptor cells

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26
Q

receptor cells

A

designed to pick up certain stimuli

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27
Q

rods

A

primary role is for night vision, movement, and peripheral vision

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28
Q

cones

A

primary role is for visual acuity and color perception

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29
Q

three types of vision

A

scotopic, mesopic, photopic

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30
Q

scotopic vision

A

starlight, moonlight; rods activated only; night time vision

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31
Q

mesopic vision

A

both cones and rods activated; during sunrise and sunset; makes colors more grand

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32
Q

photopic vision

A

color perception; cones activated; under white light; rods not as activated

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33
Q

fovea

A

an indentation on the retina; center of the eye; where the most visual acuity is and where the most cones are

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34
Q

optic disc

A

the beginning of the optic nerve; blind spot

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35
Q

development of vision

A

as a newborn, you can see general shapes up to 12 inches away but no color; color does not come in until about 3 or 4 months of age

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36
Q

optic radiation

A

a projection tract that connects the lateral geniculate nucleus to the primary visual cortex in the optic tract

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37
Q

primary visual cortex

A

processes basic parts of vision like lines, shadows, and contours

38
Q

visual association cortex

A

associates what you are looking at; integrates and processes the material

39
Q

V1 area

A

visual field representation

40
Q

V2 area

A

feedback loop between V1 and other areas

41
Q

V3 area

A

sensitive to motion and color

42
Q

V4 area

A

color processing

43
Q

V5 area

A

sensitive to motion

44
Q

dorsal pathway

A

sends the information in the occipital lobe to the parietal lobe; processes spatial information

45
Q

ventral pathway

A

sends information in the occipital lobe to the temporal lobe; identifies visual information

46
Q

visual system evolved to solve these problems

A

stable visual picture (our eyes jump when moving from side-to-side), continuous feed, 3D spatial layout

47
Q

some problems of visual spatial perception

A

perceiving motion is highly complex, size is another problem our vision has to solve, object motion vs. observer motion

48
Q

monocular depth cues

A

cues about space that you can perceive with just one eye

49
Q

interposition

A

cues that tell us where something is located in space

50
Q

linear perspective

A

cues that tell us there is depth

51
Q

depth illusions

A

can be created with shadows and lighting

52
Q

binocular depth cue

A

close objects cause convergence of the eyes; farther objects cause more divergence of the eyes; move the eyes in relation to how close or how far an object is from you

53
Q

two possibilities for mechanisms that lead to interpretation

A

humans have special-purpose cognitive systems (core knowledge of space) and humans endowed with general-purpose capacity (no core knowledge of space, but have the capability to learn about our surroundings)

54
Q

nativist theory of space perception

A

René Descartes; the observer is able to determine visual angles through muscular responses that direct the eyes toward an object and the brain doing geometrical calculation to judge the distance between self and object

55
Q

rationalism and nativism + vision perception

A

-the mind and brain are built to perceive space
-perceptual processes like reasoning
-geometric inferences

56
Q

empiricism and associationism + visual perception

A

-the mind and brain are built to sense impinging stimuli (effort)
-learn to interpret stimuli by association and touch
-no reasoning process

57
Q

proprioception

A

the sense that lets us perceive the location, movement, and action of parts of the body

58
Q

space perception is…

A

innate

59
Q

white light

A

sunlight

60
Q

different colors

A

different wavelengths

61
Q

color doesn’t exist in nature

A

our ability to see colors is a results of a biological electrochemical process; color only exists in our brains

62
Q

photoreceptors

A

rods and cones

63
Q

rods

A

peripheral vision, detects motion, does not detect color

64
Q

cones

A

allow us to see color, three types of cones, majority are on the fovea, allow us to have high visual acuity

65
Q

S-cones

A

blue, short wavelengths

66
Q

M-cones

A

green, medium wavelengths

67
Q

L-cones

A

red, long wavelengths

68
Q

if we only had one type of cone

A

we would be completely colorblind; the cone would be unable to perceive which color it is meant to, so it wouldn’t

69
Q

protanope

A

no L-cones; red-green color blindness

70
Q

deuteranope

A

no M-cones; red-green color blindness

71
Q

tritanope

A

no S-cones; cannot perceive lower wavelength colors like blue and green; blue-blind

72
Q

three components of color

A

hue, saturation, brightness

73
Q

hue

A

type of color

74
Q

saturation

A

richness of a specific color

75
Q

brightness

A

lightness

76
Q

color constancy

A

no matter the context of lighting or filter, the colors of objects will always remain noticeably the same; context is important

77
Q

one fundamental question of cognitive science

A

Which theory best explains the origin of the mind, the origin of knowledge, and how inborn knowledge and experience come to shape us as humans
and other animals as what they are: John Locke or Immanuel Kant?

78
Q

two main ideas of cognitive science

A

1) all animals are endowed with innate cognitive systems
2) humans, not animals, evolved an ability for cultural evolution

79
Q

result of natural and sexual selection

A

brain evolved with cognitive, affective, and conscious psychological systems to process dynamic environment

80
Q

conscious-psychological systems

A

how the world should operate = cognitive mechanisms to reduce difference between ideal and actual states

81
Q

cognitive systems

A

evolutionary function to generate and manipulate conscious-psychological systems

82
Q

affective systems

A

emotions provide feedback to others; particularly positive emotions

83
Q

brain systems

A

not just the size of the brain, but the organization of the neurons and neural pathways

84
Q

folk systems

A

source of information represented in immediate memory as the content for conscious-psychological simulations

85
Q

folk psychology

A

social information related to the self, other individuals, and groups

86
Q

folk biology

A

information about natural environment

87
Q

folk physics

A

information about how the physical world works (ex. sharper objects cut meat more effectively)

88
Q

ganglion cells

A

the first neurons in the visual pathway with axons, which are gathered into a bundle called the optic nerve

89
Q

optic chiasm

A

axons in the optic nerves cross to the left and right hemispheres and travel to visual areas of the thalamus and then to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe (blind spot)

90
Q

inferior temporal cortex

A

responds to shapes

91
Q

continuity over development

A

common mechanisms in infants and adults

92
Q

continuity over evolution

A

common mechanisms in humans and non-human animals

PSYC 339: Origins of the Mind (4 decks)

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