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MBB 222 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

which functional group is acidic

A

carboxyl

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2
Q

which functional group(s) are/is basic

A

amine

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3
Q

which functional group has a nitrogen

A

amine, amide

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4
Q

which functional groups have a sulphur

A

thiol

sulfhydrl

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5
Q

what functional groups have a carbonyl carbon

A

carboxyl, amide,

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6
Q

what functional groups have both carbon and hydroxyl

A

carboxyl

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7
Q

what functional group has a carbonyl carbon and and an amine

A

amide

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8
Q

what functional group has an h-donor but isn’t acidic

A

hydroxyl, amine, amide

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9
Q

what functional groups has an H-bond acceptor

A

carboxyl

hydroxyl

sulfhydryl

amide

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10
Q

why is benzene flat but cyclohexane is kinked

A

benzene : each C has identical sp2 orbitals that lie at 120 degree angles. all atoms lie in same plane

cyclo: has sp3 orbitals so they have tetrahedral geometry so they don’t lie in same plane (tetrahedral geometry)

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11
Q

why is a covalent bond stronger than an H-bond

A

since covalent bonds result from shared e- while h -bonds e- arent shared so they’re further apart

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12
Q

what kind of geometry do sp3 C have

A

tetrahedral

109 degree

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13
Q

what kind of geometry do sp2 C have

A

trigonal

120

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14
Q

what causes a polar molecule

A

asymmetrical charge distribution due to unequal e- sharing

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15
Q

what happens to polarity with the more similar the electronegativity

A

smaller

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16
Q

what are amino acids joined by

A

peptide bonds (covalent bond)

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17
Q

what is the opposite of a aromatic compound

A

aliphatic

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18
Q

what is an isomer

A

non identical compounds with the same molecular formula

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19
Q

what is a constitutional isomer

A

same formula
different arrangement

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20
Q

what is a sterioisomer

A

same linkage
3d orientation differ

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21
Q

what makes a molecule chiral

A

like -hands (non-superimposable)

NO plane of symmetry

4 DIFFERENT substituents

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22
Q

what is an enatiomer

A

chiral molecules that are mirror images

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23
Q

what is a dipole moment

A

vector sum of magnitude and direction of bond dipoles

24
Q

what are molecules in a cell primarily made of

A

C,H,O

25
Q

what is dna/rna primarily made of

A

H C O P

26
Q

what is proteins primarily made of

A

H C N O S

27
Q

what are lipids mainly made of

A

H C N O P S

28
Q

are are carbs mainly made of

A

H C O

29
Q

what does intermolecular mean

A

between molecules

30
Q

What does intramolecular mean

A

within a molecule

31
Q

what holds atoms together in a molecule

A

covalent bonds

32
Q

what are the specialized covalent bonds

A

phosphodiester - hold phosphates together and nucleotides

glycolosidic bond - joins ribose to base in ATP

peptide bond- holds amino acids together in a protein

disulphide bonds / bridges - covalent bonds between thiol groups

33
Q

what kind of reaction are the most of the ones that stabilize a protein fold

A

non - covalent

34
Q

what are the kinds of weak chemical reactions

A

H bonds

electrostatic

van der Waals

hydrophobic interactions

35
Q

what is a van der Waals interactions

A

all intermolecular focus between electrically neutral molecules

36
Q

what is one of the causes of protein folding

A

hydrophobic effect

37
Q

why is water a good solvent

A

its polar

38
Q

what is the distance between h - bonds

A

2 A

39
Q

what is the difference between covalent bonds

A

1A

40
Q

what holds DNA in a helical shape

A

H-bonds

41
Q

what is a dielectric constant (D)

A

indicates reduction in attraction of 2 opposed charged ions in a solvent relative to in a vacuum (D=1)

42
Q

what is enthalpy

A

heat energy

43
Q

what is Gibbs free energy

A

amount of energy from reaction that is available to do useful work

44
Q

what is standard states

A

T= 25 C
P= I atm
concentration = 1M for reactants and products
r = 8.314 JKm-1 mol-1

for ‘

ph=7
[Mg 2+] = 1 mM
[h2o] = 55.5 M

45
Q

what does pH at midpoint = ``

A

ph = pKa

46
Q

what does keq =

A

[products] / [reactants]

47
Q

when is something exergonic

A

when S<1 (favoured)

48
Q

what is a reaction that another can be coupled with

A

ATP -> ADP
(atp hydrolysis)

49
Q

when do weak acids have highest buffering capacity

A

when pH = pKa

50
Q

what kind of ka and pka will strong acids have

A

large ka and small pka

51
Q

At midpoint which is larger concentration of products or reactants

A

equal

52
Q

what is buffering range

A

1 above/below pka

53
Q

what are the two enzyme recognition theories

A

lock and key : substrate is perfect fit for active site

induced fit: both substrate and active site change shape to fit conformations close to their transition state

54
Q

what do enzymes do to energy

A

convert it from one form to another

ex: atp hydolysis

55
Q

what direction do enzymes increase reaction rate

A

both directions

MBB 222 (3 decks)

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