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Forensic Psyc > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How is memory encoded?

A

Sensation - sensory memory - short-term/working memory - long term memory

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2
Q

Episodic memory

A

Memories for personal events

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3
Q

Semantic memory

A

Memories for facts

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4
Q
A

A: procedural
B: declarative
C: skills
D: classical conditioning
E: semantic
F: episodic

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5
Q

What 3 things influence encoding?

A

Availability of info (quality vs quantity)
Attention
Method of processing

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6
Q

What are 3 processing strategies?

A

Association
Organization
Rehearsal

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7
Q

Definition of misinformation

A

Incorrect info, usually from external sources, that may be incorporated into our memory

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8
Q

How does quality impact the recognition of people we are unfamiliar vs familiar with?

A

Poor quality does not impact recognition of people we are familiar with, but it does impact recognition of people we are unfamiliar with

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9
Q

What is retrieval influenced by? 5

A

Schemas
Misinformation
Familiarity
Context
Method of retrieval

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10
Q

What did Ebbinghaus show?

A

Forgetting occurs - transience

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11
Q

What are 5 possible reasons why forgetting occurs?

A

Encoding failure
Interference
Decay
Motivation to forget
Retrieval failure

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12
Q

Why does encoding failure occur?

A

Attention; it controls what we encode and it can be easily shifted

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13
Q

2 types of interference that impacts forgetting

A

Retroactive
Proactive

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14
Q

What is TOT?

A

Tip of your tongue
- elicits something related, but not quite and then blocks what you are trying to remember

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15
Q

What are 2 features that a retrieval cue must have?

A

Match b/w cue and desired memory
Cue must be distinctive

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16
Q

What is retrieval induced inhibition?

A

Remembering one thing causes you to forget other things

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17
Q

What is a forensic example of retrieval induced inhibition?

A

A witness repeatedly recalling some information of an event and that leads to the forgetting of other info

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18
Q

What time frame does most forgetting occur in?

A

24hrs

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19
Q

What is social influence? 2

A

Effect of those around us on our thoughts, feelings, and behaviours

The extent to which we are obedient, compliant, and/or conform

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20
Q

What are the 6 principles of compliance?

A

Reciprocity
Commitment and consistency
Social proof
Liking
Authority
Scarcity

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21
Q

What is reciprocity?

A

Feeling obligated to repay favours, even if they are uninvited

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22
Q

What are 2 techniques of reciprocity?

A

Perceptual contrast (good cop/bad cop & scare tactics)
Providing unsolicited favours

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23
Q

What is the door-in-the-face technique?

A

Asking for something large that they will not give you and then asking for something smaller so they comply

i.e confess to the murder - admit you knew the victim

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24
Q

Forensic techniques of commitment/consistency

A

Foot-in-the-door: small request which is agreed to and then bigger requests (you were at the bar, talked to victim, followed them home, etc.)

Four walls: person makes statements that are consistent and then they box themselves in

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25
Q

Social proof forensic examples

A

School shootings
Precedents (ruling a case one way b/c previous case was ruled that way)

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26
Q

What are 2 consequences of social proof?

A

Pluralistic ignorance: privately rejecting, but publicly agreeing

False social proof: people like us support something, but have ulterior motives

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27
Q

Techniques of liking 3

A

Halo effect
Similarity & familiarity
Compliments & cooperation

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28
Q

Forensic examples of authority 2

A

Impersonating a police officer
Lineup procedures (cops in uniform vs out)

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29
Q

What are the 3 parts of the lifespan retrieval curve?

A

Childhood amnesia
Reminiscence bump
Period of recency

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30
Q

What are possible reasons for childhood amnesia? 4

A

Biological maturation (synaptic pruning)
Language development (cannot rehearse w/o language)
Social cognitive
Lack of sense of self

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31
Q

What are the 7 memory sins

A

Transience
Absent mindedness
Blocking

Misattribution
Suggestibility
Bias

Persistence

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32
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

Missing important info when we are focused on something

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33
Q

What is unconscious transference?

A

Misidentifying an innocent bystander as the perpetrator of a crime possibly due to change blindness

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34
Q

What is contained in one’s autobiographical memory? 3

A

Personal history
Episodic events
Autobiographical facts (semantic info)

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35
Q

Which is more likely to be remembered and why?

A) a car theft witness when one was 20 and recalled at the age of 45
B) your bday party at age 2 recalled when you are 15
C) breaking your favourite mug last week
D) the drive to work yesterday

A

C) because it is emotional (favourite mug) and recent

The next would be D) because it is mundane, but recent
Then A) because it is emotional, but old

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36
Q

Order what type of event is recalled the most accurately overtime

Emotional
Rehearsed
Life changing
Mundane

A

Life changing
Emotional
Rehearsed
Mundane

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37
Q

What is absentmindedness?

A

We do not encode everything around us

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38
Q

What is the difference between change blindness and inattentional blindness?

A

Change blindness is the inability to detect changes unless we are looking directly at them

Inattentional blindness is focusing on something else and missing other information

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39
Q

How do schemas fit into the concept of blocking?

A

Interpreting and detecting information is different depending on our schemas

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40
Q

What is the relationship between source monitoring errors and misattribution?

A

Source monitoring errors, believing info came from one place and not another - can lead to misattribution

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41
Q

What memory sin does the fundamental attribution error and implicit theory of change fall under?

A

Bias

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42
Q

What is the fundamental attribution error?

A

Things that happen to us are due to our surroundings, but when they occur to others it is because of personal factors

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43
Q

What is the implicit theory of change and stability?

A

We like to believe that we are consistent in our attitudes and beliefs, but we are really not

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44
Q

What is truth bias?

A

We like to believe that people are telling the truth

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45
Q

What is the memory sin, persistence?

A

Inability to stop thoughts about events

PTSD

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46
Q

What are HSAMs?

A

Highly superior autobiographical memories

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47
Q

What are flashbulb memories?

A

Special type of autobiographical memory

48
Q

How are FBMs different from autobiographical memories? 3

A

May differ in terms of memory properties, conditions that create them, and how they are processed

49
Q

What is the now print theory of FBMs?

A

The limbic system (emotionality) recognizes novelty, reticular formation discharges, and then all recent brain activity is “printed”

50
Q

What is implantation via repeated recall?

A

Memories were implanted into participants by asking them to recall info that their parents provided

51
Q

What is the result of implantation via repeated recall?

A

The more the events were recalled the more details were remembered

52
Q

What is the lost in the mall study and the importance of it?

A

Participants were told that as a child they were lost in the mall (even when they weren’t) and on the second interview they remembered more details of it

Started the memory wars

53
Q

What are the 3 pillars of false memory prevention?

A

Orientation
Evaluation
Corroboration

54
Q

What strategy is included in orientation as a pillar of false memory prevention?

A

Retrieval search

55
Q

What 2 processes are included in evaluation as a pillar of false memory prevention?

A

Retrieval expectations
Criterion comparison

56
Q

What 2 processes are included in corroboration as a pillar of false memory prevention?

A

Collateral knowledge (plausibility)
Collateral recollections

57
Q

What is grain-size selection? Which pillar of false memory prevention is it apart of?

A

People’s belief about the task can affect their response. Warning them can change their response

Orientation

58
Q

What is the effect of warnings (grain-size selection) on the DRM task?

A

Warnings of a false word in the task decreases false memories of that word, but it does not eliminate false memories

59
Q

How does plausibility impact evaluation of a potential false memory?

A

False memory implantation is less likely if the event is implausible

60
Q

How does background information of a potential false memory influence the implantation of said false memory?

A

Providing background info increases the likelihood of implanting false memories

61
Q

What is source distinctiveness?

A

The more distinctive the source input, the more likely we are to correctly recall it

62
Q

What is collateral knowledge as included of corroboration as a pillar of false memory prevention

A

Trusting someone else’s answer about an event because we view them as trustworthy

63
Q

What is collateral recollection as an aspect of corroboration (pillar of preventing false memories)?

A

Remembering additional information that allows you to conclude an event did not happen (recall-to-reject)

64
Q

Why do false memories occur?

A

Because memory is reconstructive and has many opportunities to be altered

65
Q

What 3 main paradigms are used to study false memories?

A

DRM
Misinformation
Autobiographical memory

66
Q

What is imagination inflation?

A

Imagining an event occurred, increases our confidence that it did occur

67
Q

What are the 5 main characteristics of FBMs?

A

Accuracy
Consistency
Longevity
Confidence
Vividness

68
Q

What are the 3 event conditions necessary for producing FBMs?

A

Consequentiality
Distinctiveness
Emotional affect

69
Q

How do the objective and subjective measure of accuracy differ in FBMs?

A

People believe (subjective) that FBMs are highly accurate compared to normal AM, but

Objectively, they were the same in accuracy

70
Q

What 2 factors are equivalent between FBMs and AM?

A

Consistency and longevity (aka accuracy)

71
Q

What 4 factors do FBMs have a higher rating for compared to AMs?

A

Vividness, confidence, emotional intensity, rehearsal

72
Q

To create a FBM, what other conditions must be present? 3

A

Consequential, distinctive, significant (relevant to social identity)

73
Q

What are some main issues that exonerees face that guilty inmates do not face?

A

Exonerees are not given transition programs and are sent directly back into society

74
Q

What is the RNR model?

A

Risk needs responsivity model

75
Q

What is the risk in the RNR model?

A

Identifying factors that predict risk for crime

76
Q

What is the need of the RNR model?

A

Assessing the needs of the individual (what kind of treatment needed)

77
Q

What is the responsivity of the RNR model?

A

Assessing factors that might help or hinder the provision of care - understanding how the person will respond to the treatment

78
Q

What are 4 of the 8 styles of criminal thinking?

A

Entitlement
Power orientation
Superoptimism
Discontinuity

79
Q

What are the 3 subtypes of episodic memories?

A

Continuous: always accessible
Discovered (were suppressed): not accessed for a period of time
Recovered (were repressed): inaccessible for a period of time

80
Q

Definition of suppression

A

Avoiding retrieving a memory to forget on purpose

81
Q

Definition of repression

A

Unconscious mechanism to banish unacceptable thoughts

82
Q

What is repressed memory/dissociative amnesia?

A

Loss of memory due to a shocking/traumatic event even though the event was still encoded in memory

83
Q

What is trauma?

A

Stressor and the response; typically associated with a lack of control

84
Q

What percentage of disasters and accidents lead to memory loss?

A

25-80%

85
Q

What are 3 areas of research that support repressed memories?

A

Retrieval inhibition
Motivated forgetting
Trauma & dissociation relationship

86
Q

Are people who dissociate more or less likely to forget trauma-related words?

A

More likely to forget trauma-related words

87
Q

In which setting is there a greater likelihood of generating false memories in relation to recovered memories?

A

When repressed memories are recovered in therapy

88
Q

Profiling definition

A

Process of drawing inferences about a criminal’s personality, behaviour, and motivation based on the crime scene and other evidence

89
Q

Geographic profiling

A

Analysis of geographic locations associated with the spatial movements of a single serial offender

90
Q

What does the geoprofiler try to determine? 3

A

Where the offender lives, their base of operations, and where the next crime may occur

91
Q

Suspect-based profiling definition

A

Systematic collection of behavioural, personality, cognitive, and demographic data of previous offenders

92
Q

What is an example of suspect-based profiling?

A

Racial profiling

93
Q

Psychological profiling definition

A

The gathering of information, usually on a known individual, who pose a threat/are believed to be dangerous

94
Q

What are the 2 procedures in psychological profiling?

A

Threat assessment: will they carry out a dangerous act
Risk assessment: are they a danger to themselves, or others (more clinical)

95
Q

Psychological autopsy definition

A

Procedure completed following the death of a person in order to determine their mental state prior to the death

96
Q

What are the 2 types of psychological autopsy?

A

Suicide psychological autopsy
Equivocal death psychological autopsy: clarifying the mode of death

97
Q

What demographic does the average serial killer fit?

A

White male, average intelligence, likely experienced some abuse as a child

98
Q

What types of victims do serial killers prefer?

A

Easy access and transience, prefer one gender

99
Q

Who are female serial killers more likely to kill? 3

A

Kill those they have a relationship with, powerless victims, and individuals in their care

100
Q

What are the 4 serial killer typologies?

A

Visionary
Mission-oriented
Hedonistic
Power-control

101
Q

Visionary type definition

A

Driven by delusions or hallucinations

102
Q

Mission-oriented type definition

A

Particular group of people that are undesirable and must be eliminated

103
Q

Hedonistic type definition

A

Kill for pleasure and thrill, people are objects for enjoyment

104
Q

Power-control type definition

A

Obtain satisfaction from the control over life and death

105
Q

How are organized vs disorganized killers different?

A

Organized plan and stalk their victims, disorganized are impulsive and act on rage

106
Q

What are 3 issues with criminal profiling?

A

Often individuals do not fit into discrete categories (organized/disorganized)

Crime scene characteristics are not reliably associated with certain criminal personality types

Inference process of profilers is unknown

107
Q

What does cross-situational consistency mean in relation to serial killers?

A

The situation can impact our otherwise stable personalities. This can differ across crime scenes

108
Q

What are 4 recommendations to reduce recidivism proposed by Batastini et al.?

A
  • shorter treatment sessions over longer periods of time
  • university/college education
  • CBT interventions
  • individualized treatment plans
109
Q

What is the misinformation task?

A

Participants view an event and then are presented with false info - usually recollect the false info later on

110
Q

What is internal locus of control?

A

Believing that outcomes are due to personal control

111
Q

What is external locus of control?

A

Believing that outcomes are due to fate, higher order, etc

112
Q

Resilience and exoneeres

A

The more resilient the exoneree, the more likely they are to experience successful reintegration

113
Q

How is resilience impacted for exonerees?

A

Protective and risk factors

114
Q

What is upward counterfactual thinking?

A

People thinking what they could have done differently to improve the situation

115
Q

What is downward counterfactual thinking?

A

People thinking about how the situation could be worse

Forensic Psyc (2 decks)

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