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bot 306 > midterm 1 > Flashcards

midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

fungi came out of 4 places in tree of life

A

fungi, dictostelia, stramenopila, cercozoa

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2
Q

Most modern phylogenetic trees are
derived from _ sequence data

A

DNA

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3
Q

3 major fungi groups

A

early diverging lineage, ascomycota, basidiomycota

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4
Q

macrofungi dikarya made up of

A

ascomycota and basidiomycota

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5
Q

early diverging lineage are _ and need microbio technqiues to be studied

A

microfungi

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6
Q

3 subphylla in basidiomycota

A

Pucciniomycotina, ustilaginomycotina, Agaricomycotina

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7
Q

Rusts + many yeasts

A

pucciniomycotina

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8
Q

smuts

A

ustilaginomycotina

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9
Q

mushrooms, boletes, polypores, jelly fungi

A

agaricomycotina

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10
Q

phylum ending

A

mycota

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11
Q

class ending

A

mycetes

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12
Q

order ending

A

ales

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13
Q

family ending

A

aceae

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14
Q

basidiocarp

A

umbrella term referring to macroscopic fruiting structure

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15
Q

general term for fruiting structure

A

sporocarp

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16
Q

t/f: most eugarics/agaricales have gills

A

t

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17
Q

mushroom shape is important from _ perspective

A

evolutionary

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18
Q

boletales have _ (some have gills too)

A

pores

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19
Q

most biomass of mushroom is in _ _

A

subterranean mycelium

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20
Q

main mode of growth collectively called mycelium

A

hyphae

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21
Q

pileocystidia found on

A

cap

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22
Q

cheilocystidia found on

A

edge of gill

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23
Q

pleurocystidia found on

A

side of gill

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24
Q

caulocystidia found on

A

stalk/stem

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25
Q

large mushrooms usually found in

A

lower latitudes

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26
Q

plasmogamy

A

cytoplasm unite

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27
Q

karyogamy

A

nuclei unite

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28
Q

meiosis

A

chromosomal crossover

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29
Q

monokaryon

A

cell with single nuclei

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30
Q

dikaryon

A

cell with 2 nuclei

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31
Q

t/f: for monokaryon doesn’t matter whether cell n or 2n

A

t

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32
Q

t/f: during plasmogamy, cytoplasms of different cells join together and exchange whatever they have in cytosol

A

t

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33
Q

t/f: at some point in their life cycle, hyphae contain two genotypically distinct nuclei

A

t

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34
Q

t/f: Dikaryotic cells occur in both Basidiomycota and
Ascomycota

A

t

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35
Q

where don’t dikaryotic cells occur

A

early diverging fungi

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36
Q

dikaryon dominant in what group and restricted in what group

A

They are dominant in Basidiomycota and restricted to
very short life stages in most Ascomycota

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37
Q

t/f: The formation of clamps happens only in Basidiomycota

A

t

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38
Q

t/f: not all Basidiomycota have clamps

A

t

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39
Q

order of steps when clamp formation occurs (give general steps)

A

dikaryon -> mitosis -> septation -> fusion -> clamp

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40
Q

clamp formation in detail

A
  • start off with nuclei of 2 different mating types
  • one of the nuclei orients itself towards the bulge
  • both nuclei undergo mitosis
  • duplicate nucleus of the first one is extruded into growing part of bulge which quickly gets walled off
  • second nuclei (post mitosis) also gets walled off
  • parent and offspring cell both have 2 nuclei
  • leave behind a trace called a clamp
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41
Q

basidiospores discharged as

A

ballistospores

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42
Q

basllistospore attached to _ before drop formation

A

sterigma

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43
Q

_ drop appear at hillar’s appendix
_ drop appear at spore wall on top

A

buller
adaxial

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44
Q

buller’s drop appear at _ appendix
adaxial drop appear at _ wall on top

A

hillar’s
spore

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45
Q

how does ballistopore move

A
  • buller’s drop and adaxial drop combine
  • combined drops move upwards away from hillar’s appendix
  • spore drop gains Ek in same direction
  • force deviates in opposite direction towards hillar’s appendix
  • force applied on sterigma
  • ballistospore moves
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46
Q

flying distance of spores determined by 4

A
  • aerodynamic radius of particle
  • particle shape
  • amount of adhering liquid
  • particle velocity
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47
Q

cystidia

A

spacers that inhibit gills from touching e/o

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48
Q

t/f: spacers have reproductive fx

A

f

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49
Q

ingestive/phagotrophic heterotrophs

A

digest internally

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50
Q

eg of ingestive/phagotrophic heterotrophs

A

humans

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51
Q

assimilative/osmotrophic heterotrophs

A

secrete digestive enzymes, vacuum up end results

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52
Q

eg of assimilative/osmotrophic heterotrophs

A

mushrooms

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53
Q

mycorrhizae are

A

agaricomycotina

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54
Q

2 main types of mycorrhizae + specialist

A
  • large woody plants
  • herbaceous plants
  • orchids (specialist)
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55
Q

arbuscular mycorrhizae

A

hyphae permeate root cells

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56
Q

t/f AM formed by basidiomycetes

A

f

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57
Q

AM common or uncommon type

A

common

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58
Q

_ evolution caused mushroom form

A

parallel/convergent

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59
Q

Monophyly:

A

goes back to single origin
(which was an actual organism that is
now called recent common ancestor)

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60
Q

Paraphylytic:

A

a term used relative to something
(2 paraphylitic lines are paraphylitic to simians)

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61
Q

Polyphylitic:

A

trait that arises in a different spot

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62
Q

t/f: Mushroom growth form is polypholytic

A

t

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63
Q

what group out of gasteroids belong to agaricales

A

puffballs

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64
Q

Puffballs produce basidiospores towards the _

A

inside

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65
Q

Peridium:

A

seal over puffball structure that disintegrates over time

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66
Q

stalk porton that anchors gleba to ground is called

A

sub gleba

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67
Q

Gleba:

A

flesh on the inside; main part is above the ground and

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68
Q

Capilitum thread

A

produce basidia which produce basidiospores

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69
Q

how do puffballs release spores

A

Structure erodes,
basidiospores are being
produced; when something
steps on it, the puffball
explodes

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70
Q

guttation defintion and purpose

A

Exudation of drops of
liquid
* Defense / offense
stategy?

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71
Q

H2O2 in guttation droplets of Trichoderma
guizhouense enables attack on Fusarium oxysporum how

A

ROS are great
way to fend off
bacteria and other
microorganisms

72
Q

polypores: ‘ _ ’ -> are there for prolonged periods of time and have tough leathery basidiocarps

A

Perennial

73
Q

basdioma

A

polypore def for basidiocarp/fruiting body

74
Q

stipe

A

polypore def for stalk

75
Q

context

A

polypore; Unlike gleba, doesn’t produce spores

76
Q

pileus

A

upper surface of polypore

77
Q

polypores lackng pileus called

A

effuse or resupinate (=upside down)

78
Q

ecol roles of polypores
Many (though not all) of the leading forest _ and_ are polypores
* Rots can be classified into different types depending on what they do to the _ or what part of the _ they attack

A

pathogens, decomposers
wood, tree

79
Q

white rot fungi

A

remove
the lignin first and leave
the cellulose (white)
exposed also for use by
other organisms

80
Q

brown rot

A

Vacuums out
cellulose with
enzymes, leaves
lignin intact

81
Q

Sap wood =
Heart wood =

A

living part of wood
dead

82
Q

Sap rot:
t/f: is pathogenic

A

Attacks living
tissue
(pathogenic)

83
Q

Heart rot:

A

attacks dead tissue

84
Q

which type of rot kills and which one doesnt

A

kill: sap rot
doesn’t kill: heart rot

85
Q

keystone species

A

does fundamental things in an ecosystem that results in downstream
evolutionary changes of other organisms; create habitats for many organisms (vertebrates
and invertebrates)

86
Q

eg of keystone species

A

forest decomposers

87
Q

how do mycelia explore short and long distances

A

short: little hyphae
long: bundling va rhizomorphs

88
Q

rhizomorphs:
Compound, root-like _ structures
* Can be many _ long
* Thought to be used for _ and _ translocation
* Rhizomorphs are found in many fungi (including
ectomycorrhizae!), but are best known and best studied in _ fungi

A

mycelial
meters
exploration, resource
rot

89
Q

Rhizomorphs exhibit what looks like _ differentiation
how -> _ outer layer with _ structure on the inside; All fungal with no _ root in the center

A

tissue differentiation
Fuzzy, cellular, plant

90
Q

heterobasidiomycetes dominate earlier/later divergent groups
definition

A

earlier
basidium has cell divisions (septa)

91
Q

homobasidiomycetes definition

A

The basidium is a single bulbous cell that isn’t
divided into other cells

92
Q

Some of the best-known heterobasidiomycetes are

A

“jelly fungi”

93
Q

jelly fungi/tramella grow how? is it parasitic?

A

Parasitic; require other
fungi to be there and
then tremella grows out
of other fungi’s fruiting
body

94
Q

how do rusts spread their spores
what do they do to plants

A

Has aromatic chemicals; bees will visit these plants and will pick up spores to carry around
Fungi will cause plant to contort to resemble a flower

95
Q

rust life cycle includes a _ host and an _ host
* _ different types of spores!

A

principal, alternate
Five

96
Q

on principal hosts rusts are:
on alt hosts rusts are:

A

hetero, dikaryotic
mono and dikaryotc

97
Q

smuts often leave plant tissues _

A

blackened

98
Q

smuts in plants:
smuts in dead matter

A

dikaryotic, pathogenic
monokaryotic

99
Q

why are smuts monokaryotic in dead matter

A

grow only on already dead matter

100
Q

yeast part of what wider sub phylum

A

ustilaginomycotina

101
Q

yeasts:
Any _ fungus that reproduces through _ (or in some cases, _)
* Many fungi, such as Tremella and Ustilago, can alternate between a _ and a _ state
* The ability to form a yeast states is _

A

unicellular, budding, fission
hyphal, yeast
polyphyletic

102
Q

teleomorph:
anamorph

A

(sexual/hyphal)
(asexual/yeast)

103
Q

why teleo/anamorph names controversial:
1. in some other fungi, you can have both _ and _ hyphal forms which we call teleomorph and
anamorph;
2. some yeasts, such as baker’s yeast, have a _ stage
without becoming _

A

meiotic, mitotic
sexual, hyphal

104
Q

Many basidiomycetes (and fungi in general) are only
known as _

A

yeasts

105
Q

ascomycetes form _ aka _ instead of clamp
have _ in terminal cell
post-meiotic _ resulting in _ interal nuclei that develop into _

A

hook/crozier
meiosis
mitosis, 8, ascospore

106
Q

sporangium is a
mitosporangia
meiosporangia

A

specialized cell within with cell or cells develop
include spores developed through mitosis
include spores developed through meiosis

107
Q

ascus

A

the cell/thing that holds the spores

108
Q

Crozier formation only happens once when _ is being formed

A

ascus

109
Q

Post-meiotic
mitosis happens
directly in the

A

ascus

110
Q

ascal wall = Prototunicate
how are spores carried

A

Single — dissolving when mature
No real active discharge with shooting spores out; spores picked up and carried elsewhere passively

111
Q

ascal wall: Bitunicate
how are spores carried

A

“jack-in-the-box” mechanism
fluid accumulates, spores shoot out

112
Q

lid in ascus called:

A

operculum

113
Q

how are spores discharged from ascus:
Young ascus is filled with _
* As ascospores mature, glycogen is converted in _
* The osmolyte takes up _ as the ascospores mature,
causing the asci to swell and develop _
* When a critical point is reached, the ascus _

A

glycogen
low
molecular weight osmolyte
water
turgor
bursts

114
Q

ascospore release associated with changes in _ and _ hitting fruiting bodies

A

humidity, sunlight

115
Q

what phylum spends a lot of time in dikaryotic state and which one doesn’t

A

basidiomycetes: a lot
ascomycetes: few

116
Q

ascocarp definition

A

fruiting body for ascomycetes

117
Q

apothecium ascocarp
Gelatinous bed with starches and metabolites that
contribute to _ and _ when structure
becomes wet and dry; _ contribute to squeezing
asci

A

stretching, squeezing, polymers

118
Q

perithecium ascocarp
Like apithecium but walls have been _ _
Tend to constrict to pore like opening at the tip with asci on outside/inside

A

tied up; inside

119
Q

cleistothecium ascocarp
Round usually microscopic structure with asci on outside/inside
Wall of ascus bearing structure tends to be thin/thick
When asci are rip inside the wall breaks downs and releases asci

A

inside, thin,

120
Q

conidia: motile/non-motile fungal mito- spores formed/not formed inside a sporangium

A

non-motile, not formed

121
Q

Conidia are borne on _ in special receptacles called _

A

conidiophores, conidiomata

122
Q

pycnidia

A

enclosed conidioma

123
Q

sporodochia

A

cushion conidioma

124
Q

synnemata

A

conidiophores in a colum

125
Q

conidia are good for completing sexual/asexual cycle
t/f: Can infinitely perpetuate asexual life stage of mycelium

A

asexual, t

126
Q

ascomycetes with enclosed conidiomata called

A

coelomycetes

127
Q

ascomycetes with non enclosed conidiomata called

A

hyphomycetes

128
Q

teleomorph aka
anamorph aka

A

meiotic
mitotic

129
Q

_ demonstrates no difference between green blobs and free-living algae; thought lichen was made up of 2 organisms; this concept called _

A

schwendenenr
symbiosis

130
Q

photosynthesizingn symbiont iin lichen called _ and is _ or _

A

photobiont, green alga, cyanobacterium

131
Q

fungal symbiont of lichnen called

A

mycobiont

132
Q

fungus or algae harbor crystalline secondary metabolites

A

fungi

133
Q

lichens are named according to

A

fungi element

134
Q

both major symbionts of lichen are

A

polyphyletic

135
Q

lichen closely attached to the
substrate that they cannot
be removed without also
damaging the substrate

A

crustose lichen

136
Q

lichen where upper surface colored differently than lower surface; sometimes with lower surface outgrowths (rhizines)

A

foliiose

137
Q

lichen where No distinct upper and lower surface

A

Fruticose

138
Q

fungus forms _ with algal cells and loose internal hyphae ( _)

A

thallus, medulla

139
Q

lichens that associated w/ both cyanobacteria and algae

A

tripartite

140
Q

isidia: has _ shell finish, hard to move, _ and _ held at edges

A

hard, moisture and humidity

141
Q

soredia: _ hyphae that are easily picked up and _
can go and start new _

A

webby. dispersed
lichen

142
Q

If the fungus produces spores, these need to find a suitable photobiont -> horizontal/vertical transmission

A

horizontal

143
Q

vertical transmission of symbionts: 2 symbionts are transmitted together (they aren’t disconnected from each other); do/don’t get a lot of genetic diversity and may create _ effect but lichen can get out and won’t have to look for partner

A

don’t; bottleneck;

144
Q

saprotroph

A

use already dead material

145
Q

tap into living org

A

biotroph

146
Q

tap into living org and necessary for functioning of system

A

mutualist symbiont

147
Q

hemibiotroph

A

tap into living organism, continue in dead organisim

148
Q

necrotroph

A

patheogens which feed by killing host

149
Q

non-lichen ascomycetes are
more/less expansive mycelia than basidiomycetes — many are not major producers of mycelia in ecosystem
are/are not seasonal

A

less
are

150
Q

ascomycetes that are Conidiating cycles or yeasts produce

A

anamorphs

151
Q

ascomycete sexual cycles

A

teleomorphs

152
Q

anamorph + teleomorph =

A

holomorph

153
Q

_ = cup fungi - poly/paraphyletic

A

apotheciate, polyphyletic

154
Q

Truffles are among the few ascomycetes that are _

A

mycorrhizal

155
Q

truffle: _ enters into mycorrhizal relationship with tree; not sure where _ comes from but is needed for meiosis for developing _ body

A

Maternal, paternal, fruiting

156
Q

Peritheciate fungi = so-called “ _ ”; produce perithecium

A

Pyrenomycetes

157
Q

_ : Fruiting body forms together with sexual hyphae
_ : Fruiting body forms first, followed by formation of ascus-bearing hyphae

A

Perithecium, Pseudothecium

158
Q

Some species produce perithecia in a stroma; what’s stroma

A

Stroma: perithecia in clusters

159
Q

gymnothecium

A

The case can be walled or can be formed from a net of
hyphae

160
Q

Sexual yeasts are found in the classes _ and

A

Saccharomycetes, Schizosaccharomycetes

161
Q

candida prod pseudohyphae; what’s this

A

yeast on chain; intermediate between yeast and hyphae

162
Q

what structures do eurotiales anamorphs reproduce with?
they are chain -produced _

A

phialides, conidia

163
Q

ergot typically seen as _

A

sclerotium

164
Q

ergot fruiting body is _ stroma

A

pertheciate

165
Q

Anastomosis; which phylum

A

Hyphae get close to each other, fuse, cytoplasmic material + ribosomes and nuclei start to flow between each other
Vastly different nuclei are able to intermingle and form heterokaryon

166
Q

glomeromycota phylum for
inhabit _
_ symbionts

A

mycorrhizal fungi, plant roots, obligate

167
Q

mucoromycota for

A

molds

168
Q

zoopagomycota for

A

fly and animal pathogens

169
Q

do glomeromycota form sexual fruiting bodies?
hyphae are _

A

no; coenocytic

170
Q

morphology of glomeromycota (2)

A

arbuscule in root cell, vesicle between root cell

170
Q

glomeromycota aka _ fungi or _ fungi

A

AM, VAM

171
Q

AM reproduce via large _ spores (chlamydospores)

A

asexual;

172
Q

am fungi associate with
em fungi associate with

A

herbaceuous plants
woody plants

173
Q

Zygomycota?
_ hyphae (unlike Dikarya)
* Produce _* (unlike Dikarya)
* Lack a _ stage (unlike some earlier diverging lineages)

A

Coenocytic, zygospores, motile

174
Q

Zygosporangia: Hyphae of 2 same/different mating types come together and it forms a yoke/zygospore structure where the two meet

A

different

175
Q

what triggers hyphal yeast switch

A

temeprature, nutrient starvation

bot 306 (1 decks)

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