midterm 1 Flashcards
1
Q
fungi came out of 4 places in tree of life
A
fungi, dictostelia, stramenopila, cercozoa
2
Q
Most modern phylogenetic trees are
derived from _ sequence data
A
DNA
3
Q
3 major fungi groups
A
early diverging lineage, ascomycota, basidiomycota
4
Q
macrofungi dikarya made up of
A
ascomycota and basidiomycota
5
Q
early diverging lineage are _ and need microbio technqiues to be studied
A
microfungi
6
Q
3 subphylla in basidiomycota
A
Pucciniomycotina, ustilaginomycotina, Agaricomycotina
7
Q
Rusts + many yeasts
A
pucciniomycotina
8
Q
smuts
A
ustilaginomycotina
9
Q
mushrooms, boletes, polypores, jelly fungi
A
agaricomycotina
10
Q
phylum ending
A
mycota
11
Q
class ending
A
mycetes
12
Q
order ending
A
ales
13
Q
family ending
A
aceae
14
Q
basidiocarp
A
umbrella term referring to macroscopic fruiting structure
15
Q
general term for fruiting structure
A
sporocarp
16
Q
t/f: most eugarics/agaricales have gills
A
t
17
Q
mushroom shape is important from _ perspective
A
evolutionary
18
Q
boletales have _ (some have gills too)
A
pores
19
Q
most biomass of mushroom is in _ _
A
subterranean mycelium
20
Q
main mode of growth collectively called mycelium
A
hyphae
21
Q
pileocystidia found on
A
cap
22
Q
cheilocystidia found on
A
edge of gill
23
Q
pleurocystidia found on
A
side of gill
24
Q
caulocystidia found on
A
stalk/stem
25
large mushrooms usually found in
lower latitudes
26
plasmogamy
cytoplasm unite
27
karyogamy
nuclei unite
28
meiosis
chromosomal crossover
29
monokaryon
cell with single nuclei
30
dikaryon
cell with 2 nuclei
31
t/f: for monokaryon doesn't matter whether cell n or 2n
t
32
t/f: during plasmogamy, cytoplasms of different cells join together and exchange whatever they have in cytosol
t
33
t/f: at some point in their life cycle, hyphae contain two genotypically distinct nuclei
t
34
t/f: Dikaryotic cells occur in both Basidiomycota and
Ascomycota
t
35
where don't dikaryotic cells occur
early diverging fungi
36
dikaryon dominant in what group and restricted in what group
They are dominant in Basidiomycota and restricted to
very short life stages in most Ascomycota
37
t/f: The formation of clamps happens only in Basidiomycota
t
38
t/f: not all Basidiomycota have clamps
t
39
order of steps when clamp formation occurs (give general steps)
dikaryon -> mitosis -> septation -> fusion -> clamp
40
clamp formation in detail
- start off with nuclei of 2 different mating types
- one of the nuclei orients itself towards the bulge
- both nuclei undergo mitosis
- duplicate nucleus of the first one is extruded into growing part of bulge which quickly gets walled off
- second nuclei (post mitosis) also gets walled off
- parent and offspring cell both have 2 nuclei
- leave behind a trace called a clamp
41
basidiospores discharged as
ballistospores
42
basllistospore attached to _ before drop formation
sterigma
43
_ drop appear at hillar's appendix
_ drop appear at spore wall on top
buller
adaxial
44
buller's drop appear at _ appendix
adaxial drop appear at _ wall on top
hillar's
spore
45
how does ballistopore move
- buller's drop and adaxial drop combine
- combined drops move upwards away from hillar's appendix
- spore drop gains Ek in same direction
- force deviates in opposite direction towards hillar's appendix
- force applied on sterigma
- ballistospore moves
46
flying distance of spores determined by 4
- aerodynamic radius of particle
- particle shape
- amount of adhering liquid
- particle velocity
47
cystidia
spacers that inhibit gills from touching e/o
48
t/f: spacers have reproductive fx
f
49
ingestive/phagotrophic heterotrophs
digest internally
50
eg of ingestive/phagotrophic heterotrophs
humans
51
assimilative/osmotrophic heterotrophs
secrete digestive enzymes, vacuum up end results
52
eg of assimilative/osmotrophic heterotrophs
mushrooms
53
mycorrhizae are
agaricomycotina
54
2 main types of mycorrhizae + specialist
- large woody plants
- herbaceous plants
- orchids (specialist)
55
arbuscular mycorrhizae
hyphae permeate root cells
56
t/f AM formed by basidiomycetes
f
57
AM common or uncommon type
common
58
_ evolution caused mushroom form
parallel/convergent
59
Monophyly:
goes back to single origin
(which was an actual organism that is
now called recent common ancestor)
60
Paraphylytic:
a term used relative to something
(2 paraphylitic lines are paraphylitic to simians)
61
Polyphylitic:
trait that arises in a different spot
62
t/f: Mushroom growth form is polypholytic
t
63
what group out of gasteroids belong to agaricales
puffballs
64
Puffballs produce basidiospores towards the _
inside
65
Peridium:
seal over puffball structure that disintegrates over time
66
stalk porton that anchors gleba to ground is called
sub gleba
67
Gleba:
flesh on the inside; main part is above the ground and
68
Capilitum thread
produce basidia which produce basidiospores
69
how do puffballs release spores
Structure erodes,
basidiospores are being
produced; when something
steps on it, the puffball
explodes
70
guttation defintion and purpose
Exudation of drops of
liquid
* Defense / offense
stategy?
71
H2O2 in guttation droplets of Trichoderma
guizhouense enables attack on Fusarium oxysporum how
ROS are great
way to fend off
bacteria and other
microorganisms
72
polypores: ‘ _ ’ -> are there for prolonged periods of time and have tough leathery basidiocarps
Perennial
73
basdioma
polypore def for basidiocarp/fruiting body
74
stipe
polypore def for stalk
75
context
polypore; Unlike gleba, doesn’t produce spores
76
pileus
upper surface of polypore
77
polypores lackng pileus called
effuse or resupinate (=upside down)
78
ecol roles of polypores
Many (though not all) of the leading forest _ and_ are polypores
* Rots can be classified into different types depending on what they do to the _ or what part of the _ they attack
pathogens, decomposers
wood, tree
79
white rot fungi
remove
the lignin first and leave
the cellulose (white)
exposed also for use by
other organisms
80
brown rot
Vacuums out
cellulose with
enzymes, leaves
lignin intact
81
Sap wood =
Heart wood =
living part of wood
dead
82
Sap rot:
t/f: is pathogenic
Attacks living
tissue
(pathogenic)
83
Heart rot:
attacks dead tissue
84
which type of rot kills and which one doesnt
kill: sap rot
doesn't kill: heart rot
85
keystone species
does fundamental things in an ecosystem that results in downstream
evolutionary changes of other organisms; create habitats for many organisms (vertebrates
and invertebrates)
86
eg of keystone species
forest decomposers
87
how do mycelia explore short and long distances
short: little hyphae
long: bundling va rhizomorphs
88
rhizomorphs:
Compound, root-like _ structures
* Can be many _ long
* Thought to be used for _ and _ translocation
* Rhizomorphs are found in many fungi (including
ectomycorrhizae!), but are best known and best studied in _ fungi
mycelial
meters
exploration, resource
rot
89
Rhizomorphs exhibit what looks like _ differentiation
how -> _ outer layer with _ structure on the inside; All fungal with no _ root in the center
tissue differentiation
Fuzzy, cellular, plant
90
heterobasidiomycetes dominate earlier/later divergent groups
definition
earlier
basidium has cell divisions (septa)
91
homobasidiomycetes definition
The basidium is a single bulbous cell that isn’t
divided into other cells
92
Some of the best-known heterobasidiomycetes are
“jelly fungi”
93
jelly fungi/tramella grow how? is it parasitic?
Parasitic; require other
fungi to be there and
then tremella grows out
of other fungi’s fruiting
body
94
how do rusts spread their spores
what do they do to plants
Has aromatic chemicals; bees will visit these plants and will pick up spores to carry around
Fungi will cause plant to contort to resemble a flower
95
rust life cycle includes a _ host and an _ host
* _ different types of spores!
principal, alternate
Five
96
on principal hosts rusts are:
on alt hosts rusts are:
hetero, dikaryotic
mono and dikaryotc
97
smuts often leave plant tissues _
blackened
98
smuts in plants:
smuts in dead matter
dikaryotic, pathogenic
monokaryotic
99
why are smuts monokaryotic in dead matter
grow only on already dead matter
100
yeast part of what wider sub phylum
ustilaginomycotina
101
yeasts:
Any _ fungus that reproduces through _ (or in some cases, _)
* Many fungi, such as Tremella and Ustilago, can alternate between a _ and a _ state
* The ability to form a yeast states is _
unicellular, budding, fission
hyphal, yeast
polyphyletic
102
teleomorph:
anamorph
(sexual/hyphal)
(asexual/yeast)
103
why teleo/anamorph names controversial:
1. in some other fungi, you can have both _ and _ hyphal forms which we call teleomorph and
anamorph;
2. some yeasts, such as baker’s yeast, have a _ stage
without becoming _
meiotic, mitotic
sexual, hyphal
104
Many basidiomycetes (and fungi in general) are only
known as _
yeasts
105
ascomycetes form _ aka _ instead of clamp
have _ in terminal cell
post-meiotic _ resulting in _ interal nuclei that develop into _
hook/crozier
meiosis
mitosis, 8, ascospore
106
sporangium is a
mitosporangia
meiosporangia
specialized cell within with cell or cells develop
include spores developed through mitosis
include spores developed through meiosis
107
ascus
the cell/thing that holds the spores
108
Crozier formation only happens once when _ is being formed
ascus
109
Post-meiotic
mitosis happens
directly in the
ascus
110
ascal wall = Prototunicate
how are spores carried
Single — dissolving when mature
No real active discharge with shooting spores out; spores picked up and carried elsewhere passively
111
ascal wall: Bitunicate
how are spores carried
“jack-in-the-box” mechanism
fluid accumulates, spores shoot out
112
lid in ascus called:
operculum
113
how are spores discharged from ascus:
Young ascus is filled with _
* As ascospores mature, glycogen is converted in _
* The osmolyte takes up _ as the ascospores mature,
causing the asci to swell and develop _
* When a critical point is reached, the ascus _
glycogen
low
molecular weight osmolyte
water
turgor
bursts
114
ascospore release associated with changes in _ and _ hitting fruiting bodies
humidity, sunlight
115
what phylum spends a lot of time in dikaryotic state and which one doesn't
basidiomycetes: a lot
ascomycetes: few
116
ascocarp definition
fruiting body for ascomycetes
117
apothecium ascocarp
Gelatinous bed with starches and metabolites that
contribute to _ and _ when structure
becomes wet and dry; _ contribute to squeezing
asci
stretching, squeezing, polymers
118
perithecium ascocarp
Like apithecium but walls have been _ _
Tend to constrict to pore like opening at the tip with asci on outside/inside
tied up; inside
119
cleistothecium ascocarp
Round usually microscopic structure with asci on outside/inside
Wall of ascus bearing structure tends to be thin/thick
When asci are rip inside the wall breaks downs and releases asci
inside, thin,
120
conidia: motile/non-motile fungal mito- spores formed/not formed inside a sporangium
non-motile, not formed
121
Conidia are borne on _ in special receptacles called _
conidiophores, conidiomata
122
pycnidia
enclosed conidioma
123
sporodochia
cushion conidioma
124
synnemata
conidiophores in a colum
125
conidia are good for completing sexual/asexual cycle
t/f: Can infinitely perpetuate asexual life stage of mycelium
asexual, t
126
ascomycetes with enclosed conidiomata called
coelomycetes
127
ascomycetes with non enclosed conidiomata called
hyphomycetes
128
teleomorph aka
anamorph aka
meiotic
mitotic
129
_ demonstrates no difference between green blobs and free-living algae; thought lichen was made up of 2 organisms; this concept called _
schwendenenr
symbiosis
130
photosynthesizingn symbiont iin lichen called _ and is _ or _
photobiont, green alga, cyanobacterium
131
fungal symbiont of lichnen called
mycobiont
132
fungus or algae harbor crystalline secondary metabolites
fungi
133
lichens are named according to
fungi element
134
both major symbionts of lichen are
polyphyletic
135
lichen closely attached to the
substrate that they cannot
be removed without also
damaging the substrate
crustose lichen
136
lichen where upper surface colored differently than lower surface; sometimes with lower surface outgrowths (rhizines)
foliiose
137
lichen where No distinct upper and lower surface
Fruticose
138
fungus forms _ with algal cells and loose internal hyphae ( _)
thallus, medulla
139
lichens that associated w/ both cyanobacteria and algae
tripartite
140
isidia: has _ shell finish, hard to move, _ and _ held at edges
hard, moisture and humidity
141
soredia: _ hyphae that are easily picked up and _
can go and start new _
webby. dispersed
lichen
142
If the fungus produces spores, these need to find a suitable photobiont -> horizontal/vertical transmission
horizontal
143
vertical transmission of symbionts: 2 symbionts are transmitted together (they aren’t disconnected from each other); do/don’t get a lot of genetic diversity and may create _ effect but lichen can get out and won’t have to look for partner
don't; bottleneck;
144
saprotroph
use already dead material
145
tap into living org
biotroph
146
tap into living org and necessary for functioning of system
mutualist symbiont
147
hemibiotroph
tap into living organism, continue in dead organisim
148
necrotroph
patheogens which feed by killing host
149
non-lichen ascomycetes are
more/less expansive mycelia than basidiomycetes — many are not major producers of mycelia in ecosystem
are/are not seasonal
less
are
150
ascomycetes that are Conidiating cycles or yeasts produce
anamorphs
151
ascomycete sexual cycles
teleomorphs
152
anamorph + teleomorph =
holomorph
153
_ = cup fungi - poly/paraphyletic
apotheciate, polyphyletic
154
Truffles are among the few ascomycetes that are _
mycorrhizal
155
truffle: _ enters into mycorrhizal relationship with tree; not sure where _ comes from but is needed for meiosis for developing _ body
Maternal, paternal, fruiting
156
Peritheciate fungi = so-called “ _ ”; produce perithecium
Pyrenomycetes
157
_ : Fruiting body forms together with sexual hyphae
_ : Fruiting body forms first, followed by formation of ascus-bearing hyphae
Perithecium, Pseudothecium
158
Some species produce perithecia in a stroma; what's stroma
Stroma: perithecia in clusters
159
gymnothecium
The case can be walled or can be formed from a net of
hyphae
160
Sexual yeasts are found in the classes _ and
Saccharomycetes, Schizosaccharomycetes
161
candida prod pseudohyphae; what's this
yeast on chain; intermediate between yeast and hyphae
162
what structures do eurotiales anamorphs reproduce with?
they are chain -produced _
phialides, conidia
163
ergot typically seen as _
sclerotium
164
ergot fruiting body is _ stroma
pertheciate
165
Anastomosis; which phylum
Hyphae get close to each other, fuse, cytoplasmic material + ribosomes and nuclei start to flow between each other
Vastly different nuclei are able to intermingle and form heterokaryon
166
glomeromycota phylum for
inhabit _
_ symbionts
mycorrhizal fungi, plant roots, obligate
167
mucoromycota for
molds
168
zoopagomycota for
fly and animal pathogens
169
do glomeromycota form sexual fruiting bodies?
hyphae are _
no; coenocytic
170
morphology of glomeromycota (2)
arbuscule in root cell, vesicle between root cell
170
glomeromycota aka _ fungi or _ fungi
AM, VAM
171
AM reproduce via large _ spores (chlamydospores)
asexual;
172
am fungi associate with
em fungi associate with
herbaceuous plants
woody plants
173
Zygomycota?
_ hyphae (unlike Dikarya)
* Produce _* (unlike Dikarya)
* Lack a _ stage (unlike some earlier diverging lineages)
Coenocytic, zygospores, motile
174
Zygosporangia: Hyphae of 2 same/different mating types come together and it forms a yoke/zygospore structure where the two meet
different
175
what triggers hyphal yeast switch
temeprature, nutrient starvation
