MIDTERM 1 Flashcards
epidemiology
study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states among specific populations
epidemic
occurrence of a disease in a community at a particular time
pandemic
disease that spreads across regions
endemic
disease present among a population at all times
acute disease
less than 3 months
can be communicable or noncommunicable
chronic disease
longer than 3 months
can be communicable or noncommunicable
communicable disease
biological agents and products are the cause of an illness
transmissible from an infected person or animal
noncommunicable disease
illness that cannot be transmitted from one person to another
primary data source
collected specifically for a use in a process
secondary data source
data has already been collected for some other purpose like insurance claims
observational study
measure or survey for members of a sample without trying to affect them
experimental study
assign people or things to groups and applies some treatment to one of the groups while the other does not receive treatment
chain of infection
pathogen-reservoir-portal of exit- transmission- portal of entry- establishment of infection in a new host
primary prevention
forestall the onset of an illness or injury before the pathogenesis period
secondary prevention
early diagnosis and treatment before a disease becomes advanced and disability is severe
tertiary prevention
aimed at rehabilitation following significant pathogenesis
retrain, reeducate, and rehabilitate
social determinants of health
healthcare access and quality
neighborhood and environment
social and community context
economic stability
education access and quality
modifiable risk factor
can be changed: smoking, diet, exercise
unmodifiable risk factor
cannot be changed: age, background
10 essential services of public health
- assess and monitor population health
- investigate, diagnose, and address health hazards
- communicate effectively to inform and educate
- strengthen, support, and mobilize communities
- create a champion and implement policies, plans, and laws
- utilize legal and regulatory actions
- enable equitable access
- build a diverse and skilled workforce
- improve and innovate through evaluation, research, and quality improvement
- build and maintain a strong organizational infrastructure for public health
compare and contrast health disparities and health inequities
health disparities: differences in the incidence and prevalence of health status and health conditions between groups
health inequities: systemic and unjust distribution of social, economic, and environmental conditions needed for health
health inequities cause health disparities and both prevent health equity
What is health?
Health is a “dynamic state of complete physical, mental, spiritual, social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity”
Explain the upstream approach
identifies what is causing health issues instead of just treating them when they occur
Compare and contrast public health and clinical medicine
Medicine: primary focus on individual, diagnosis, and treatment, laboratory and bedside, uniform system, social sciences tend to be an elective part of medical education
Clinical Medicine: primary focus on population, prevention and health promotion, laboratory and field, variable, numeric sciences is an essential feature, social services is an integral part
3 Core Public Health Functions
- assessment
- policy development
- assurance
What is the Quasi-Governmental Health Agency?
An agency that uses governmental tax funding along with donation money
An example of the quasi-governmental health agency
American red cross
The CDC is an example of what type of health agency?
Governmental health agency
Health screenings are considered at what level of prevention?
Secondary
What is epidemiology?
Study of trends in a disease, where the disease occurs, and who the disease affects
Why do we typically use rates in epidemiology?
Rates help us compare health problems among different populations that include two or more groups who differ by a selected characteristic
Provide an example of an unavoidable difference
factor that cannot be changed
EX: Gender
Equity vs Equality
Equity: everyone gets what they need
Equality: everyone gets the same thing
Define health inequities
Health inequities are unjust social, economic, and environmental factors
TRUE OR FALSE: Physical factors affecting community health include geography, community size, and industrial development
TRUE
The first professional preparation program for health educators began during which period of the 20th century?
The 1920s
The beginning of the government’s major involvement in social issues, including health was marked by the
Social Security Act of 1935
TRUE OR FALSE: The leading cause of death in the United States today are communicable diseases
FALSE
Actions that society takes collectively to ensure that the conditions in which people can be healthy can occur are termed
public health
The goal of the Hill-Burton Act in 1946 was to enhance the quality of
hospitals
TRUE OR FALSE: Individuals with lower socioeconomic statues tend to have poorer health staus than individuals with higher socioeconomic status
TRUE
The Shattuck report marked the beginning of the
modern era of public health
Community health concerns of the 21st century include
lifestyle diseases, environmental problems, and healthcare delivery
TRUE OR FALSE: Choosing to eat wisely, wearing safe health, and visiting the physician are examples of community/public health activities
FALSE
TRUE OR FALSE: Public health systems are commonly defined as “all public, private, and voluntary entities that contribute to the delivery of essential public health services within a jurisdiction”
TRUE
An example of a quasi-governmental health organization is
the national science foundation
The 3 essential services of policy development include the following
- inform, educate, and empower people about health issues
-mobilize community partnerships to identify and solve health problems
-develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts
Agencies that are funded primarily through tax dollars are referred to as
governmental agencies
nongovernmental health agencies are funded primarily by
private donations
The contributions of religious groups to community health have been
substantial
The public health system does not include
psychology of developmental stages
Raising money to fund their programs, providing education, providing service to those affected, and advocating are the basic objectives of
voluntary health agencies
TRUE OR FALSE: The ability of a biological agent to enter and grow in the host is pathogenicity
FALSE
Osteoarthritis and diabetes are examples of
Chronic noncommunicable diseases
One communicable disease has been eradicated. What was the disease?
Small pox
Eating a healthy diet is an example of what level of prevention
Primary
Appendicitis and poisoning are examples of
Acute noncommunicable diseases
TRUE OR FALSE: Drugs, pesticides, and food additives are examples of chemical agents
TRUE
Chronic disease management programs are an example of what level of prevention?
Tertiary Prevention
Diseases for which the reservoir resides in animal populations are called anthroponoses.
False; zoonosis
TRUE OR FALSE: An attack rate is an incidence rate calculated for a particular population for a single disease outbreak and is expressed as a percentage
TRUE
All of the following illustrates the purpose of epidemiology in public health, except:
Providing treatment for patients in clinical settings
The CRAAP Test is useful for
-finding current information
-understanding the importance of relevance
-helping you evaluate information you find
An epidemic curve depicting a distribution of cases traceable to multiple sources of exposure is a
propagated epidemic curve
TRUE OR FALSE: The number of years of healthy life expected, on average, in a given population is the diability-adjusted life years (DALYs)
FALSE
The group of cases in this specific time and place can be described as a
cluster
The disease, the organism that harbors the disease, and the external factors that allow disease transmission is also known as
host, agent, environment
Communicable vs noncommunicable
Communicable: infectious
Noncommunicable: non-infectious
Malaria is present in Africa at all times. Malaria is an example of a
endemic disease
The Ebola virus in parts of Africa is in excess of what is expected for this region. Ebola is a
epidemic
What is community health?
A collective body of people identified by common characteristics
What is population health?
Health outcomes of a group of people
What is meant by downstream?
Act to change behaviors or conditions causing stress or poor health
What are social determinants?
Conditions in the environment in which people are born live, work, play, worship, and age affect a wide range of health and quality of life outcomes
What is a direct transmission?
immediate transfer of disease agent between the infected and susceptible people
ex: touching, biting, kissing, sex
What is the indirect transmission?
Nonliving object by which agents are transferred to a susceptible host
