midterm 1 ?

Question 1

ancient europe believed what?

Answer 1

HEART was the soul & memory

Question 2

Egyptians & Chinese believes

Answer 2

HEART was the organ of thinking and reasoning

proof: mummification! (all organs removed except <3 for afterlife)

Question 3

Greeks believed (Hippocrates vs Aristotle)

Answer 3

Hippocrates: BRAIN is vital
Aristotle: agreed with china and egypt (heart), believed BRAIN was A/C for heart

Question 4

claudius galen

Answer 4

hippocratic (BRAIN) :
proof: gladiators + dissection

cerebellum = hard = muscles
cerebrum = soft = sensations
(right for wrong reasons)

psychic pneuma in ventricles (breath of life) (soul)

Question 5

rene descartes

Answer 5

behaviour is a result of the environment

dualist (humans are different than animals BECAUSE we have the “separate” mind)

Question 6

luigi galvani 🐸

Answer 6

electrically stimulated muscle frog leg moved

Question 7

johannes muller

Answer 7

doctrine of specific nerve energies - all nerves carry the same message, but we perceive differently in different pathways

Question 8

Pierre fluorens 🌸

Answer 8

🌸 experimental ablation method 🌸
- proved why claudius galen was right but for wrong reason (localization of function via ablation) (cerebellum = muscles = out , cerebrum = sensation + perception = in)

Question 9

Paul Broca

Answer 9

Broca’s Area - ** discrete area ! **

DISCRETE REGIONS of brain responsible for DISCRETE things

Question 10

Ramon Santiago y Cajal

Answer 10

discovered that the nervous system = billions of individual neurons

Question 11

Fritsch & Hitzig

Answer 11

electrical stimulation to explore brain + gain understanding

Question 12

Von Helmholtz

Answer 12

first to measure SPEED of conduction of nerves

Question 13

neotony

Answer 13

prolongation of maturation (babies come out not fully ready and take a long time to develop)
axolotyls!

Question 14

contemporary research

Answer 14

always evolving (ie epigenetics)

Question 15

functionalism

Answer 15

charles darwin - theory of evolution

mental states defined by what they DO (their FUNCTION) rather than what they are made of

Question 16

Nissl stain

Answer 16

violet stain - structure only

Question 17

Golgi stain

Answer 17

outline of structure

Question 18

the neuron doctrine

Answer 18

ramon santiago y cajal

NEURON = functional unit of nervous system

Question 19

the doctrine of specific nerve energies

Answer 19

johannes muller

nerves all carry same message that is interpreted differently in different pathways/structures

Question 20

CNS vs PNS

Answer 20

CNS: brain, spinal cord
PNS: everything else

Question 21

3 types of neurons

Answer 21

sensory neuron - i see the cup
interneuron - perceive cup + decide to pick up the cup
motor neuron - pick up the cup

Question 22

parts of neuron:

Answer 22

soma (body)
dendrites (dendritic spines)
axon - 1 axon = unipolar, 2 axons = bipolar, multiple axons = multipolar
terminal button

Question 23

axoplasmic transport system

Answer 23

method of sending things to nucleus
anterograde
tracing techniques = radioactive amino acids/viruses
efficient

Question 24

neuronal membrane consists of ________ bi_____

Answer 24

phospholipid bilayer

Question 25

classifying neurons

Answer 25

1. number of neurites - anaxonic, uni/bi-polar etc 2. dentrite morphology - stellate, pyramidal etc 3. type of connection - sensory / motor / interneuron 4. axon length - golgi 1 = short , golgi 2 = long 5. neurotransmitter released

Question 26

glial cells

Answer 26

supporting cells

Question 27

astrocytes

Answer 27

``` stellate most numerous in brain fill space btwn neurons structural support regulate ECS BBB (selectively permeable) ```

Question 28

ependymal cells

Answer 28

line brain ventricles - produce CSF! cushion + recycle stem cell properties after injury immune - protect against viruses

Question 29

microglia

Answer 29

immune cells of CNS house keepers! phagocytosis of debris

Question 30

myelinating glia (CNS vs PNS)

Answer 30

CNS: oligodendrocytes (1:1000) PNS: Schwann cells (1:1) (one schwann cell = entire neuron myelin)

Question 31

myelination useful for

Answer 31

propagation + conduction | Nodes of ranvier! - saltatory conduction (JUMPS)

Question 32

phospholipid bilayer

Answer 32

``` heads = hydrophilic = polar = <3 water tails = hydrophobic = nonpolar = ```

Question 33

neural communication (pain reflex sequence of events of neurons)

Answer 33

1. dendrites of sensory sense pain 2. interneurons 3. interneurons - motor 4. muscle contract

Question 34

resting membrane potential

Answer 34

-65mV (inside more -ve than outside)

Question 35

ion channels

Answer 35

selective of size + charge (gating) | passive

Question 36

ion pumps

Answer 36

active transport against gradient (ATP)

Question 37

membrane potential forces

Answer 37

diffusion | electrostatic

Question 38

force of diffusion, electrostatic force

Answer 38

diffusion: high - low electrostatic: likes repel likes, opposites attract

Question 39

K channels vs Na channels

Answer 39

way more K channels lots more K inside than out lots more Na outside than in Na/K pump maintains

Question 40

parts of action potential

Answer 40

``` threshold rising phase overshoot / action potential falling phase undershoot / delayed rectifier ```

Question 41

parts of action potential ion concentration levels

Answer 41

``` threshold sodium IN rising phase overshoot / action potential potassium channels open potassium OUT falling phase too much potassium OUT undershoot ```

Question 42

hodgkin explosive cycle

Answer 42

depolarization = Na channels open = Na floods in = depolarization

Question 43

sodium gates

Answer 43

``` M gate closed, H gate open depolarization + threshold M gate open, H gate open sodium in, rising phase peak reached M gate open, H gate closed N gate open potassium in, falling phase reset after ```

Question 44

forwards vs backwards action potentials

Answer 44

``` forwards = orthodromic backwards = antidromic ```

Question 45

absolute vs relative refractory period

Answer 45

``` absolute = action potential impossible (H gate closed) relative = action potential possible, harder to achieve ```

Question 46

conduction velocity

Answer 46

spread (wide = fast) path (inside axon = fast) excitability (cable theory) myelin (nodes of ranvier + insulation)

Question 47

saltatory conduction

Answer 47

nodes of ranvier - jump

Question 48

presynaptic - postsynaptic parts of neurons

Answer 48

``` pre = terminal buttons post = dendrite / soma ```