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psyc 211 intro behavioural neuroscience 2022 > midterm 1 ? > Flashcards

midterm 1 ? Flashcards

1
Q

ancient europe believed what?

A

HEART was the soul & memory

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2
Q

Egyptians & Chinese believes

A

HEART was the organ of thinking and reasoning

proof: mummification! (all organs removed except <3 for afterlife)

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3
Q

Greeks believed (Hippocrates vs Aristotle)

A

Hippocrates: BRAIN is vital
Aristotle: agreed with china and egypt (heart), believed BRAIN was A/C for heart

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4
Q

claudius galen

A

hippocratic (BRAIN) :
proof: gladiators + dissection

cerebellum = hard = muscles
cerebrum = soft = sensations
(right for wrong reasons)

psychic pneuma in ventricles (breath of life) (soul)

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5
Q

rene descartes

A

behaviour is a result of the environment

dualist (humans are different than animals BECAUSE we have the “separate” mind)

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6
Q

luigi galvani 🐸

A

electrically stimulated muscle frog leg moved

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7
Q

johannes muller

A

doctrine of specific nerve energies - all nerves carry the same message, but we perceive differently in different pathways

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8
Q

Pierre fluorens 🌸

A

🌸 experimental ablation method 🌸
- proved why claudius galen was right but for wrong reason (localization of function via ablation) (cerebellum = muscles = out , cerebrum = sensation + perception = in)

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9
Q

Paul Broca

A

Broca’s Area - ** discrete area ! **

DISCRETE REGIONS of brain responsible for DISCRETE things

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10
Q

Ramon Santiago y Cajal

A

discovered that the nervous system = billions of individual neurons

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11
Q

Fritsch & Hitzig

A

electrical stimulation to explore brain + gain understanding

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12
Q

Von Helmholtz

A

first to measure SPEED of conduction of nerves

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13
Q

neotony

A

prolongation of maturation (babies come out not fully ready and take a long time to develop)
axolotyls!

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14
Q

contemporary research

A

always evolving (ie epigenetics)

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15
Q

functionalism

A

charles darwin - theory of evolution

mental states defined by what they DO (their FUNCTION) rather than what they are made of

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16
Q

Nissl stain

A

violet stain - structure only

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17
Q

Golgi stain

A

outline of structure

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18
Q

the neuron doctrine

A

ramon santiago y cajal

NEURON = functional unit of nervous system

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19
Q

the doctrine of specific nerve energies

A

johannes muller

nerves all carry same message that is interpreted differently in different pathways/structures

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20
Q

CNS vs PNS

A

CNS: brain, spinal cord
PNS: everything else

21
Q

3 types of neurons

A

sensory neuron - i see the cup
interneuron - perceive cup + decide to pick up the cup
motor neuron - pick up the cup

22
Q

parts of neuron:

A

soma (body)
dendrites (dendritic spines)
axon - 1 axon = unipolar, 2 axons = bipolar, multiple axons = multipolar
terminal button

23
Q

axoplasmic transport system

A

method of sending things to nucleus
anterograde
tracing techniques = radioactive amino acids/viruses
efficient

24
Q

neuronal membrane consists of ________ bi_____

A

phospholipid bilayer

25
Q

classifying neurons

A
  1. number of neurites - anaxonic, uni/bi-polar etc
  2. dentrite morphology - stellate, pyramidal etc
  3. type of connection - sensory / motor / interneuron
  4. axon length - golgi 1 = short , golgi 2 = long
  5. neurotransmitter released
26
Q

glial cells

A

supporting cells

27
Q

astrocytes

A 
stellate
most numerous in brain
fill space btwn neurons
structural support
regulate ECS
BBB (selectively permeable)
28
Q

ependymal cells

A

line brain ventricles - produce CSF!
cushion + recycle
stem cell properties after injury
immune - protect against viruses

29
Q

microglia

A

immune cells of CNS
house keepers!
phagocytosis of debris

30
Q

myelinating glia (CNS vs PNS)

A

CNS: oligodendrocytes (1:1000)
PNS: Schwann cells (1:1) (one schwann cell = entire neuron myelin)

31
Q

myelination useful for

A

propagation + conduction

Nodes of ranvier! - saltatory conduction (JUMPS)

32
Q

phospholipid bilayer

A 
heads = hydrophilic = polar = <3 water
tails = hydrophobic = nonpolar =
33
Q

neural communication (pain reflex sequence of events of neurons)

A
  1. dendrites of sensory sense pain
  2. interneurons
  3. interneurons - motor
  4. muscle contract
34
Q

resting membrane potential

A

-65mV (inside more -ve than outside)

35
Q

ion channels

A

selective of size + charge (gating)

passive

36
Q

ion pumps

A

active transport against gradient (ATP)

37
Q

membrane potential forces

A

diffusion

electrostatic

38
Q

force of diffusion, electrostatic force

A

diffusion: high - low
electrostatic: likes repel likes, opposites attract

39
Q

K channels vs Na channels

A

way more K channels
lots more K inside than out
lots more Na outside than in
Na/K pump maintains

40
Q

parts of action potential

A 
threshold
rising phase 
overshoot  / action potential 
falling phase 
undershoot / delayed rectifier
41
Q

parts of action potential ion concentration levels

A 
threshold
sodium IN
rising phase 
overshoot / action potential 
potassium channels open 
potassium OUT
falling phase
too much potassium OUT
undershoot
42
Q

hodgkin explosive cycle

A

depolarization = Na channels open = Na floods in = depolarization

43
Q

sodium gates

A 
M gate closed, H gate open
depolarization + threshold
M gate open, H gate open 
sodium in, rising phase
peak reached 
M gate open, H gate closed 
N gate open 
potassium in, falling phase 
reset after
44
Q

forwards vs backwards action potentials

A 
forwards = orthodromic
backwards = antidromic
45
Q

absolute vs relative refractory period

A 
absolute = action potential impossible (H gate closed) 
relative = action potential possible, harder to achieve
46
Q

conduction velocity

A

spread (wide = fast)
path (inside axon = fast)
excitability (cable theory)
myelin (nodes of ranvier + insulation)

47
Q

saltatory conduction

A

nodes of ranvier - jump

48
Q

presynaptic - postsynaptic parts of neurons

A 
pre = terminal buttons
post = dendrite / soma

psyc 211 intro behavioural neuroscience 2022 (1 decks)

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