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Entomology > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Insect characteristics

A

All characteristics of an arthropod, plus 3 body regions, 1 pair of antennae, usually 6 legs, sometimes wings

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2
Q

4 Mouthparts

A

Chewing, sucking, sponging, combination.

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3
Q

Compound eyes

A

Fixed focal length, movement, shapes, colours,

Example:Flies

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4
Q

Simple eyes (ocelli)

A

Colour, light intensity

Example:dragonfly

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5
Q

Antennae

A

Motion, smell, balance, touch, vibration(sound)

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6
Q

3 segments of the thorax

A

Pro, meso,meta

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7
Q

Thorax

A

Power center of insects; wing attachment, let attachment, muscles(internally), spiracles

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8
Q

Abdomen

A

Spiracles, ovipositors, cerci, tympanum(ears), setae(hairs)

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9
Q

Digestive system/ foregut

A

Mouth and crop

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10
Q

Digestive system/ midgut

A

Gastric caeca

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11
Q

Digestive system/ hind gut

A

Malpignian tubes and rectum

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12
Q

Respiratory system/ spiracles

A

Valves openings to intake air

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13
Q

Respiratory system/ trachea and tracheoles

A

Hollow tubes, coil shaped, used for O2 intake and CO2 output, air sacs

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14
Q

Arthropod characteristics

A

Jointed legs, segmented bodies, external skeleton, bilateral symmetry, dorsal heart, ventral regions(head:thorax)

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15
Q

Circulatory system

A

Open(haemolymoh blood), no O2 transport, dorsal heart, abdominal pumping

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16
Q

Reproductive system

A

Testes, accessory glands, ovaries, spermatheca

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17
Q

Methods of reproduction

A

Sexual, Asexual-parthenogensis

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18
Q

Nervous system

A

Brain, ventral nerve cord, gaglia

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19
Q

Cuticle(exoskeleton)

A

Support, movement, protection, water loss, sensory, growth

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20
Q

Moulting/ecaysis

A

Casting/changing of skin

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21
Q

Instar

A

The form of the insect between molts

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22
Q

Process of growth after moulting (4 steps)

A

1) old skeleton is digested
2) new skeleton formes within old
3) streatching
4) tanning

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23
Q

What percent of all species described are insects

A

53%

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24
Q

What percent of all described animals are insects

A

73%

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25
Q

Insects are considered pests if….

3 ways

A

1) They ars nuisances to humans/pets/livestock
2) they damage crops, forests, human products
3) they transmit disease

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26
Q

3 insect orderes

A

1) Amerabolous development
2) Hemimetabolous development
3) Homometabolous development

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27
Q

How many orderes does Ametabolous development have

A

2 orders

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28
Q

How many orderes does Hemimetabolous development have

A

15 orders

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29
Q

How many orders does Homometabolous development have

A

11 orders

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30
Q

Ametabolous development: stages and metamorphisis

A

No metamorphosis

Stages: egg-nymph-nymph-adult

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31
Q

Hemimeyabolius development/ stages and metamorphosis

A

Incomplete metamorphosis

Stages: Egg-nymph-nymph-adult

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32
Q

Homometabolous development/ Stages and metamorphosis

A

Complete metamorphosis

Stages: Egg-larva-larva-pupa-adult

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33
Q

Ametabolous development/ Archaegnatha

A

~500 species, 3 tail like appendages

Example: jumping bristletay

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34
Q

Ametabolous development/ Zygentoma

A

~400 species, pests, scales, 3 tail like appendages

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35
Q

Hemimetabolous development/ Ephemerioptera

A

~3000 described species, only insect that molts after wings become functional
Example: mayflies

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36
Q

Hemimetabolous development/ Odonata

A

~6000 describes species

Example: damselflies and dragomflies

37
Q

Hemimetabolous development/ Plecoptera

A

~2000 described species

Example: Stoneflies

38
Q

Hemimetabolous development/ Dermaptera

A

~2000 described species, easily identified by forcepts like cerci at tip of abdomen
Example: Earwigs

39
Q

Hemimetabolous development/Orthoptera

A

~22,000 described species

Examples:grasshoppers, crickets,katydids

40
Q

Hemimetabolous development/ Phasmatodea

A

~3000 species

Example: walking sticks, leaf insects

41
Q

Hemimetabolous development/ mantodea

A

~2300 species, raptorial forelegs

Example: mantids

42
Q

Hemimetabolous development/ Blattodea

A

Cockroaches:~4000 species
Termites:~2600 species

43
Q

Hemimetabolous development/ Psocodea

A

Pthiraptera(lice)~5000 describes species

Psocoptera(lice)~11,000 species

44
Q

Hemimetabolous development/ Thysanoptera

A

~6000 described species, narrow wings

Examples: Thrips

45
Q

Hemimetabolous development/ Hemiptera

A

Over 100,000 species

Examples: true bugs, cicadas, hoppers, Psyllids

46
Q

Hemimetabolous development/ Hetroptra

A

Predators, omnivores and plant feeders, thickened forewing with membrane tip

47
Q

Hemimetabolous development/ Sternorrhyeha

A

Many pest species, plant feeders

Examples: Aphids, white flies

48
Q

Hemimetabolous development/ Auchenorrhyncha

A

Pest species, plant feeders

Examples:cicadas, hoppers

49
Q

Hemimetabolous development/ Embiopteta/Zoraptera

A

~400 and 30 described species

Example:webspinnes, angel insects

50
Q

Hemimetabolous development/ Grylloattodea/ mantophasmatodea

A

Few described species

Example: rockcrawlers and heelwalkers

51
Q

Homometabolous development/ Neuroptera

A

~6500 species

Example: lacewings, owlflies, anylions

52
Q

Homometabolous development/ Siphonaptera

A

~2600 species, extoparasites of mammals, wingless, laterally compressed body
Example: fleas

53
Q

Homometabolous development/ Trichoptera

A

~13,000 described species, moth like adults, hairy wings

Example: cadaiflies

54
Q

Homometabolous development/ Lepidoptera

A

~16,000 described species, scales cover body and wings of adults
Example: butterflies,skippers and moths

55
Q

Homometabolous development/ Diptera

A

~150,000 described species, one pair wings, maggot like

Examples: true flies

56
Q

Homometabolous development/ Coleoptera

A

~350,000 described species, forewing modified into hardened elytra
Example: beetles

57
Q

Homometabolous development/ Hymenoptera

A

115,000 described species, 75% are parasitors of other insects, most benefical species
Example: wasps, bees, ants, sawflies

58
Q

Homometabolous development/ Megaloptera

A

~300 described species

Example: Alderflies, fishflies

59
Q

Homometabolous development/ Raphidoptera

A

~220 described species

Example: snakeflies

60
Q

Homometabolous development/ Mecoptera

A

~550 known species, vertically elonged face

Example:Scorpionflies

61
Q

Homometabolous development/ Strepsiptra

A

~600 species, parasites of other insetcs, extreme sexual dimorphism
Example:twisted wing parasites

62
Q

“Species concept” asks…

A

What a species is

63
Q

“Species delimination”

A

The science of recognizing species

64
Q

“Species identification”

A

Assigning specimens to an existing species name

65
Q

Ordinal common names have how many words

A

1

Example: flies, beetles

66
Q

Family common names have how many words

A

2

Example: leaf beetles, house flies

67
Q

What do taxonomists keep track of

A

Invasive species, species conservation, agriculture, medicine

Specimens, characters(traits, morphology, physiology, genetics, ecology), literature(names)

68
Q

What is in a species description

A

Diagnosis, synonyms, materials, description, distribution, variation, Etymology(what the name means), images/ilustrations

69
Q

Insect collection methods

A

Sweep nets, hand collecting, bowl traps, funnel traps, dipnets, trap nets, canopy fogging

70
Q

Biological species concept

A

Reproductive isolation

71
Q

Evolutionary species concept

A

Unique evolutionary pathways

72
Q

Phylogenetics species concept

A

Various diagnosibility, monophyl, common ancestors

73
Q

Endothermic regulation

A

regulate their core body temperature by adjusting metabolic heat production and insulation.
Example: honey bees maintain warm hive

74
Q

Ectothermic regulation

A

rely on behavior to regulate their body temperature. They must move their bodies into the shade or sun to cool down or warm up.

75
Q

Temperature compensation

A

a measure for counteracting or correcting an undesired temperature influence.

76
Q

What temperature do bees need in order to take off for flight

A

30°C

77
Q

What is basking

A

Sunbathing/ thermoregulation

78
Q

Mechanisms of cold injury/ Non-freezing injury

A

Cold shock- membrane failure, emzyme or ion imbalance.

79
Q

Mechanisms of cold injury/ Freezing injury

A

Mechanical damage, osmotic shock(ice reduces liquid water)

80
Q

Mechanisms of cold injury/ Freeze avoidance(intolerance)

A

Prevent freezing to avoid ice damage

81
Q

Mechanisms of cold injury/ Freeze tolerance

A

Control where freezing occurs. Extra cellular ice can be tolerated

82
Q

What do Antifreeze proteins do

A

Bind to the surface of ice crystals as they form.

83
Q

Responses to hot-dry conditions

A

Maintaining water balance, mechanisms of cooling.

84
Q

Why do insects move

A

Access resources (food, shelter, mates, oviposition), avoid crowding, escaping predators, ecological escape.

85
Q

What was the first flying insect

A

Pterygota (400 million years ago)

86
Q

Flight speed of a butterfly

A

Normal: 5km/h
Maximum: 30km/h

87
Q

Polyphemism

A

Different phenotypes(morphs) determined by environmental conditions.

88
Q

Sun compass

A

Constant heading relative to suns azimuth, compensate for earth rotation.

Entomology (1 decks)

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