Midterm 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Insect characteristics
A
All characteristics of an arthropod, plus 3 body regions, 1 pair of antennae, usually 6 legs, sometimes wings
2
Q
4 Mouthparts
A
Chewing, sucking, sponging, combination.
3
Q
Compound eyes
A
Fixed focal length, movement, shapes, colours,
Example:Flies
4
Q
Simple eyes (ocelli)
A
Colour, light intensity
Example:dragonfly
5
Q
Antennae
A
Motion, smell, balance, touch, vibration(sound)
6
Q
3 segments of the thorax
A
Pro, meso,meta
7
Q
Thorax
A
Power center of insects; wing attachment, let attachment, muscles(internally), spiracles
8
Q
Abdomen
A
Spiracles, ovipositors, cerci, tympanum(ears), setae(hairs)
9
Q
Digestive system/ foregut
A
Mouth and crop
10
Q
Digestive system/ midgut
A
Gastric caeca
11
Q
Digestive system/ hind gut
A
Malpignian tubes and rectum
12
Q
Respiratory system/ spiracles
A
Valves openings to intake air
13
Q
Respiratory system/ trachea and tracheoles
A
Hollow tubes, coil shaped, used for O2 intake and CO2 output, air sacs
14
Q
Arthropod characteristics
A
Jointed legs, segmented bodies, external skeleton, bilateral symmetry, dorsal heart, ventral regions(head:thorax)
15
Q
Circulatory system
A
Open(haemolymoh blood), no O2 transport, dorsal heart, abdominal pumping
16
Q
Reproductive system
A
Testes, accessory glands, ovaries, spermatheca
17
Q
Methods of reproduction
A
Sexual, Asexual-parthenogensis
18
Q
Nervous system
A
Brain, ventral nerve cord, gaglia
19
Q
Cuticle(exoskeleton)
A
Support, movement, protection, water loss, sensory, growth
20
Q
Moulting/ecaysis
A
Casting/changing of skin
21
Q
Instar
A
The form of the insect between molts
22
Q
Process of growth after moulting (4 steps)
A
1) old skeleton is digested
2) new skeleton formes within old
3) streatching
4) tanning
23
Q
What percent of all species described are insects
A
53%
24
Q
What percent of all described animals are insects
A
73%
25
Insects are considered pests if….
| 3 ways
1) They ars nuisances to humans/pets/livestock
2) they damage crops, forests, human products
3) they transmit disease
26
3 insect orderes
1) Amerabolous development
2) Hemimetabolous development
3) Homometabolous development
27
How many orderes does Ametabolous development have
2 orders
28
How many orderes does Hemimetabolous development have
15 orders
29
How many orders does Homometabolous development have
11 orders
30
Ametabolous development: stages and metamorphisis
No metamorphosis
| Stages: egg-nymph-nymph-adult
31
Hemimeyabolius development/ stages and metamorphosis
Incomplete metamorphosis
| Stages: Egg-nymph-nymph-adult
32
Homometabolous development/ Stages and metamorphosis
Complete metamorphosis
| Stages: Egg-larva-larva-pupa-adult
33
Ametabolous development/ Archaegnatha
~500 species, 3 tail like appendages
| Example: jumping bristletay
34
Ametabolous development/ Zygentoma
~400 species, pests, scales, 3 tail like appendages
35
Hemimetabolous development/ Ephemerioptera
~3000 described species, only insect that molts after wings become functional
Example: mayflies
36
Hemimetabolous development/ Odonata
~6000 describes species
| Example: damselflies and dragomflies
37
Hemimetabolous development/ Plecoptera
~2000 described species
| Example: Stoneflies
38
Hemimetabolous development/ Dermaptera
~2000 described species, easily identified by forcepts like cerci at tip of abdomen
Example: Earwigs
39
Hemimetabolous development/Orthoptera
~22,000 described species
| Examples:grasshoppers, crickets,katydids
40
Hemimetabolous development/ Phasmatodea
~3000 species
| Example: walking sticks, leaf insects
41
Hemimetabolous development/ mantodea
~2300 species, raptorial forelegs
| Example: mantids
42
Hemimetabolous development/ Blattodea
Cockroaches:~4000 species
Termites:~2600 species
43
Hemimetabolous development/ Psocodea
Pthiraptera(lice)~5000 describes species
| Psocoptera(lice)~11,000 species
44
Hemimetabolous development/ Thysanoptera
~6000 described species, narrow wings
| Examples: Thrips
45
Hemimetabolous development/ Hemiptera
Over 100,000 species
| Examples: true bugs, cicadas, hoppers, Psyllids
46
Hemimetabolous development/ Hetroptra
Predators, omnivores and plant feeders, thickened forewing with membrane tip
47
Hemimetabolous development/ Sternorrhyeha
Many pest species, plant feeders
| Examples: Aphids, white flies
48
Hemimetabolous development/ Auchenorrhyncha
Pest species, plant feeders
| Examples:cicadas, hoppers
49
Hemimetabolous development/ Embiopteta/Zoraptera
~400 and 30 described species
| Example:webspinnes, angel insects
50
Hemimetabolous development/ Grylloattodea/ mantophasmatodea
Few described species
| Example: rockcrawlers and heelwalkers
51
Homometabolous development/ Neuroptera
~6500 species
| Example: lacewings, owlflies, anylions
52
Homometabolous development/ Siphonaptera
~2600 species, extoparasites of mammals, wingless, laterally compressed body
Example: fleas
53
Homometabolous development/ Trichoptera
~13,000 described species, moth like adults, hairy wings
| Example: cadaiflies
54
Homometabolous development/ Lepidoptera
~16,000 described species, scales cover body and wings of adults
Example: butterflies,skippers and moths
55
Homometabolous development/ Diptera
~150,000 described species, one pair wings, maggot like
| Examples: true flies
56
Homometabolous development/ Coleoptera
~350,000 described species, forewing modified into hardened elytra
Example: beetles
57
Homometabolous development/ Hymenoptera
115,000 described species, 75% are parasitors of other insects, most benefical species
Example: wasps, bees, ants, sawflies
58
Homometabolous development/ Megaloptera
~300 described species
| Example: Alderflies, fishflies
59
Homometabolous development/ Raphidoptera
~220 described species
| Example: snakeflies
60
Homometabolous development/ Mecoptera
~550 known species, vertically elonged face
| Example:Scorpionflies
61
Homometabolous development/ Strepsiptra
~600 species, parasites of other insetcs, extreme sexual dimorphism
Example:twisted wing parasites
62
“Species concept” asks…
What a species is
63
“Species delimination”
The science of recognizing species
64
“Species identification”
Assigning specimens to an existing species name
65
Ordinal common names have how many words
1
| Example: flies, beetles
66
Family common names have how many words
2
| Example: leaf beetles, house flies
67
What do taxonomists keep track of
Invasive species, species conservation, agriculture, medicine
Specimens, characters(traits, morphology, physiology, genetics, ecology), literature(names)
68
What is in a species description
Diagnosis, synonyms, materials, description, distribution, variation, Etymology(what the name means), images/ilustrations
69
Insect collection methods
Sweep nets, hand collecting, bowl traps, funnel traps, dipnets, trap nets, canopy fogging
70
Biological species concept
Reproductive isolation
71
Evolutionary species concept
Unique evolutionary pathways
72
Phylogenetics species concept
Various diagnosibility, monophyl, common ancestors
73
Endothermic regulation
regulate their core body temperature by adjusting metabolic heat production and insulation.
Example: honey bees maintain warm hive
74
Ectothermic regulation
rely on behavior to regulate their body temperature. They must move their bodies into the shade or sun to cool down or warm up.
75
Temperature compensation
a measure for counteracting or correcting an undesired temperature influence.
76
What temperature do bees need in order to take off for flight
30°C
77
What is basking
Sunbathing/ thermoregulation
78
Mechanisms of cold injury/ Non-freezing injury
Cold shock- membrane failure, emzyme or ion imbalance.
79
Mechanisms of cold injury/ Freezing injury
Mechanical damage, osmotic shock(ice reduces liquid water)
80
Mechanisms of cold injury/ Freeze avoidance(intolerance)
Prevent freezing to avoid ice damage
81
Mechanisms of cold injury/ Freeze tolerance
Control where freezing occurs. Extra cellular ice can be tolerated
82
What do Antifreeze proteins do
Bind to the surface of ice crystals as they form.
83
Responses to hot-dry conditions
Maintaining water balance, mechanisms of cooling.
84
Why do insects move
Access resources (food, shelter, mates, oviposition), avoid crowding, escaping predators, ecological escape.
85
What was the first flying insect
Pterygota (400 million years ago)
86
Flight speed of a butterfly
Normal: 5km/h
Maximum: 30km/h
87
Polyphemism
Different phenotypes(morphs) determined by environmental conditions.
88
Sun compass
Constant heading relative to suns azimuth, compensate for earth rotation.
