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Biology 361 > midterm 1 > Flashcards

midterm 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Rugose corals

A

went extinct becasue of CO2 in atmosphere, lost calcified corals find these all over the rockies

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2
Q

When did the rockies uplift

A

136 million ears ago

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3
Q

When did we see the first unicellular eukaryotes (stromatolites)

A

1.8 bya

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4
Q

What environmental factor effects the water the most

A

WIND

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5
Q

Known for the birth of natural history observation

A

Aristotle

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6
Q

What was Linnaeus know for

A

First systematic classifications and devised naming scheme(gensu and Specific epithet)

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7
Q

Known for his proposed system of phyla (organized living species into groups) and helped establish the first system of describing benthic habitats

A

Georges Cuvier `

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8
Q

Who where the first to navigate the ocean

A

Polynesians

they used stars and currents

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9
Q

Earliest map

A

Ptolemy in 150 AD

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10
Q

What is longitude and how is it measured

A

lines that run from north to south, used to show distance from east to west measured using clocks

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11
Q

What is latitude and how is it measured

A

Horizontal lines running from east to west and tell distance from north to south and is measured with stars and suns position

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12
Q

What was the main issue in navigating the oceans initially

A

clocks where not able to go on ships and so measuring longitude was very difficult

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13
Q

Who was responsible for the first clocks that could be used on ships

A

Harrison

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14
Q

What is the azoic theory and who developed it

A

No life deeper than 300 fathoms developed by edward forbes

BONUS
disputed by micheal sars

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15
Q

Theory of coral reef subside

A

charles darwin theorized that land subsides and coral grew like living things ontop

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16
Q

Two main discoveries made by the challenger expedition

A

discovered the Marianas trench (deepest point on earth 11 000m) and disputed the bathybiys theory(primordial slime)

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17
Q

What portion of the earth surface is ocean

A

70%

80% in southern hemisphere and 61% in northern hemisphere

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18
Q

Who was the first person to go the bottom of the marianas trench and how

A

James Cameron in his deepsea challanger

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19
Q

What are marginal seas and what affects them

A

Parts of the ocean that are highly effected by the continents affected by

  1. regional climate
  2. precipitation and evaporation balance
  3. river input of fresh water or dissolved solute
  4. limited exchange with open ocean
  5. geological history
20
Q

Topographic features

A 
continental shelf
marginal sea
trench
abyssal plain 
Mid-ocean ridge
seamouont 
abyssal plain
continental rise
slope 
shelf
coastal plain
21
Q

Where is the oceanic crust formed and destroyed

A

created at ridges and destroyed at subduction

causes continental drift

22
Q

Proof of continental drift

A
  1. fossils of similar fauna on different continents
  2. Seafloor mapping and radiometric dating (sea floor is relatively young)
  3. Magnetic anomalies (bands on floor with different magnetic moments)
23
Q

Water properties

A
  1. dissolving power
  2. high heat capacity
  3. high heat of vaporization (lots of energy required to heat water by 1 degree)
  4. high heat of fusion (absorbs a huge amount of heat before ice melts)
24
Q

Vertical temperature gradients in open tropical ocean

A

surface layer is high temp and thermocline is long and then there’s a relatively steep drop off

25
Q

Vertical temperature gradient shallow temperate oceans

A

shallow thermocline in summer and in winter steady temperature no thermocline

26
Q

Additions of heat in the ocean

A

Latitudinal gradient of heat (most heat at equator)
geothermal heating
internal friction
water vapor condensation

27
Q

losses of heat in the ocean

A

back radiation off surface
convection of heat to atmosphere
evaporations

28
Q

Salinity

A

how much dissolved inorganic solids per 1000g of seawater

29
Q

Controls for salinity

A

positive
-evaporation and sea ice formation water is taken from the ocean and salt is more concentrated
negative
-precipitation and river runoff
pure water is added to the ocean diluting the salt

30
Q

How salinity is measured

A

Chemical titration (chlorinity is measured and chlorinityx2 is salinity)
conductivity (run current though water salt is a conductor more salt more conductivity)
Index of refraction (density water with more salt is denser and more buoyant)

also use a CTD- conductivity temperature depth instrument it measures how conductivity changes with temperature

31
Q

Forchhamers principle

A

regardless of where you are the oceans elemental ratios are the same this is because residence time is in the millions of years and mixing is good

32
Q

Brinicle

A

The finger of death water gets cold and dense and moves down and salt also moves down because of its increased density making water freeze down in a finger like movement

33
Q

Currents

A

streams of water moving through the ocean, can be long and permanent like Gulf stream and also smaller episodic flows

34
Q

Gyres

A

Spiraling circulations thousands of miles in diameter they are rimmed by large permanent currents

35
Q

What are the 5 main gyres and there main streams

A

North pacific subtropical gyre (California, North equatorial, Kuroshio, North Pacific draft)

South pacific subtropical gyre ( Peru, South equatorial, east Australian, south pacific)

North Atlantic subtropical gyre ( Canary, North equatorial, Gulf stream)

South Atlantic subtropical gyre (South equatorial, South Atlantic)

Indian subtropical gyre (south Indian, south equatorial, west Australian)

36
Q

Eddies

A

smaller temporary loops of swirling water that travel long distances before dissipating

37
Q

How deep do winds drive currents

A

100 m (their effects can reach the bottom of the ocean)

38
Q

What drives the circulation of the atmosphere

A

THE SUN (sun warms the surface of ocean and the ocean warms the atmosphere)

39
Q

Coriolis Effect

A

due to earths rotation, on a large scale is causes moving objects to appear to bend from a straight path, affects movement of air water and planes

In the north hemisphere force deflect objects to the right

In the south hemisphere force deflect objects to the left

40
Q

Thermohaline circulation

A

deep ocean currents driven by differences in waters density, which controlled by temperature and salinity

drives the global conveyor belt

41
Q

AMOC

A

Atlantic meridional overturning circulation

42
Q

How are waves formed

A

friction with air

43
Q

4 principles of wave formation

A
  1. very little net movement of water, only energy moves
  2. water particles move in circular orbits
  3. orbit diameter decreases with distance from the surface
  4. Waves reflect from objects with no energy loss
44
Q

wave dimensions

A 
wave length =L (crest to crest)
amplitude =H 
period =t
Velocity= V(=L/t for waves in deep water) 
Depth =D (1/2 length)
Height from trough to crest
45
Q

difference between deep waves and shallow waves (2)

A
  1. water depth is less than half length waves “feel bottom” orbit becomes elliptical and particles are displaced
  2. when wave breaks if height is more then 1/7 of length wave is unstable and collapses

Biology 361 (1 decks)

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