Midterm 1

Question 1

What are the 6 classes of nutrients?

Answer 1

Carbs, Lipids, Proteins, Water (we would die without), Vitamins, Minerals

Question 2

What are Macronutrients?

Answer 2

Nutrients that are needed by the body in large amounts, which give us energy

Question 3

What is energy measured in for nutrients?

Answer 3

kcal, kilo-calories. Usually shortened to calories, which is just slang

Question 4

What does a calorie measure?

Answer 4

The amount of energy needed to heat 1 kilo of water by 1­­° C

Question 5

List 3 Macronutrients

Answer 5

Carbs, Protein, Lipids

Question 6

How many kcal/g for each macronutrient?

Answer 6

Fat is 9kcal/g
Carbs and Protein are 4kcal/g
Alcohol is 7kcal/g

Question 7

List 2 Micronutrients

Answer 7

Vitamins and Minerals

Question 8

What’s the difference between vitamins and minerals?

Answer 8

Vitamins are organic molecules our body needs to function, whereas minerals are inorganic molecules our bodies need to function

Question 9

Why are minerals important?

Answer 9

They are involved in nerve pulses, oxygen transport, and the immune system

Question 10

Is water a macro or micro nutrient? Why is it important?

Answer 10

Macro, because we need it in large amounts. It’s needed for chemical reactions, cell growth, and lubrication

Question 11

How much of our body weight is water?

Answer 11

60%

Question 12

What is a nutritious diet? List 4 facets.

Answer 12

Adequate, Moderated, Balanced, and Varied (BAM!V)

Question 13

What is malnutrition?

Answer 13

The lack of needed nutrients or the excess of unneeded nutrients. Starvation, Overnutrition, and Malnutrition are examples

Question 14

What is the regulated title for a nutrition expert?

Answer 14

A dietician

Question 15

Which organ is the major producer of enzymes

Answer 15

The pancreas

Question 16

What are four things your digestive system does?

Answer 16

Motility (Breaking down food)
Absorption (intestine->bloodstream)
Elimination (getting rid of waste)
Barrier Function (preventing absorption of harmful stuff)

Question 17

How does the body know it’s hungry?

Answer 17

Through the gut-brain axis (stomach and intestines send signals to hypothalamus)

Question 18

What are signs of hunger in the body?

Answer 18

Glucose levels change, hormones signal hunger. Pancreas excretes insulin (full) or glucagon (hungry)

Question 19

What are enzymes?

Answer 19

Things made of proteins, they are biological catalysts that facilitate reactions in living things. Suffix ASE (amylase, peptidase)

Question 20

What is a bolus?

Answer 20

A moist ball of food

Question 21

What is peristalsis?

Answer 21

The waves of contractions in the esophagus that move the food (inner circular muscles and outer lengthwise muscles)

Question 22

What is the “door” to the stomach?

Answer 22

The lower esophageal sphincter

Question 23

What does food turn into in the stomach?

Answer 23

Chyme, a mixture of acid and food

Question 24

What kind of acid is in the stomach?

Answer 24

HCl

Question 25

What enzyme breaks down protein?

Answer 25

Pepsin

Question 26

What hormone causes the secretion of gastric juice?

Answer 26

Gastrin

Question 27

What role does mucus fill?

Answer 27

It protects your GI tract from acid, and helps food move

Question 28

What is the order of the small intestine?

Answer 28

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum, then large intestine

Question 29

What is the sphincter that is the exit of the stomach?

Answer 29

Pyloric sphincter

Question 30

Where is bile made and stored?

Answer 30

Made in the LIVER, stored in the GALLBLADDER, which then secrets it into the small intestine

Question 31

Why is bile important?

Answer 31

It emulsifies fat molecules, which allows it to be digested

Question 32

What does the pancreas produce/add?

Answer 32

Bicarbonate ions to neutralize chyme, amylase (carbs), lipase (fat), and protease (protein)

Question 33

What are the steps of the large intestine?

Answer 33

Cecum, ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid colon, then rectum and anus

Question 34

What does the large intestine do?

Answer 34

No digestion, that's only the small intestine. Large absorbs water, some micronutrients. It digests what we can't through good gut bacteria, and the rectum holds poop till expelled

Question 35

What is gas in the large intestine called?

Answer 35

Flatus, contains N, CO2, H, Methane, and Hydrogen sulfide

Question 36

What is the brush border?

Answer 36

The villi that absorb nutrients in the small intestine

Question 37

What is the main form of energy IN our body?

Answer 37

ATP

Question 38

What is the barrier function of the GI tract?

Answer 38

It prevents the absorption of harmful substances, mucus and stuff

Question 39

What are antigens?

Answer 39

Harmful substances which stimulate an immune response when identified

Question 40

What are immune cells present in the GI tract

Answer 40

Phagocytes, which engulf harmful organisms, and lymphocytes, which include B cells (synthesize antibodies) and T cells (bind to and kill foreign cells)

Question 41

Where do nutrients go in the GI tracts?

Answer 41

Absorbed by the mucosal cells of the GI tract, into the circulatory and lymphatic systems

Question 42

Where are nutrients first sent in the GI tract after absorbtion?

Answer 42

The capillaries (circulatory) and lacteal (lymphatic)

Question 43

What systems are involved in the release of nutrients?

Answer 43

Hepatic circulatory and circulatory

Question 44

What does Hepatic mean?

Answer 44

To do with the liver, like gastric for stomach

Question 45

What nutrients are transported by the hepatic system?

Answer 45

Ones which are water soluble, sent through the hepatic portal vein

Question 46

What nutrients are transported by the lymphatic system?

Answer 46

Fat soluble nutrients that are too big to fit in capillaries

Question 47

What are chylomicrons?

Answer 47

They're what nutrients are packaged into in the lymphatic system, which then travel into the lacteals of the lymphatic system

Question 48

What's special about nutrients that are absorbed by the lymphatic system?

Answer 48

They don't pass through the liver

Question 49

What's special about nutrients that are sent through the circulatory system?

Answer 49

They can be picked up by tissues for immediate use, such as carbs going to muscles

Question 50

What are the three methods that are used to transport nutrients through the cell membrane?

Answer 50

Simple diffusion Facilitated diffusion Active transport

Question 51

Explain simple diffusion

Answer 51

No energy or carrier required, accomplished by higher to lower concentration. Water is also simple, but is lower to higher concentration

Question 52

Explain facilitated diffusion

Answer 52

High concentration to low concentration, with a carrier molecule (still no energy required)

Question 53

Explain Active transport

Answer 53

Lower concentration to higher concentration, requires a carrier molecule AND energy, like pushing something up a hill

Question 54

What is metabolism?

Answer 54

A chemical reaction that happens to transform a molecule from one kind to another, creating ATP

Question 55

What is catabolism?

Answer 55

Breaking of a chemical bond (releases energy)

Question 56

What is anabolism?

Answer 56

Making of a chemical bond

Question 57

What does ATP stand for?

Answer 57

Adenosine Triphosphate, the phosphate bonds store a lot of energy

Question 58

Each cell makes its own ATP through which process?

Answer 58

Cellular respiration, mitochondria making energy

Question 59

What are fatty acids, amino acids, and glucose metabolized into?

Answer 59

Acetyl-CoA, must be done in the presence of oxygen

Question 60

What is Acetyl-CoA (C-C-CoA) broken down into, and by what process?

Answer 60

Via the Citric Acid Cycle, CoA is broken down into CO2 and high energy electrons

Question 61

What is the only energy source that can make ATP without Oxygen?

Answer 61

Glucose

Question 62

What is the name of the process of conversion to C-C-CoA for each Macronutrient?

Answer 62

``` Glucose(carbs) > Glycolysis Fatty Acids(Fat/Lipids) > Beta Oxidation Amino Acids (Protein) > Deamination ```

Question 63

What follows the Citric Acid Cycle?

Answer 63

The electron transport chain, which makes ATP

Question 64

What are the byproducts of forming ATP?

Answer 64

CO2, water, and nitrogen from protein

Question 65

Where are byproducts of the formation of ATP disposed of?

Answer 65

Citric acid cycle (CO2), water is lost through sweat and urine, and nitrogen goes out through urine