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NUTR1010 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 classes of nutrients?

A

Carbs, Lipids, Proteins, Water (we would die without), Vitamins, Minerals

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2
Q

What are Macronutrients?

A

Nutrients that are needed by the body in large amounts, which give us energy

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3
Q

What is energy measured in for nutrients?

A

kcal, kilo-calories. Usually shortened to calories, which is just slang

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4
Q

What does a calorie measure?

A

The amount of energy needed to heat 1 kilo of water by 1­­° C

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5
Q

List 3 Macronutrients

A

Carbs, Protein, Lipids

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6
Q

How many kcal/g for each macronutrient?

A

Fat is 9kcal/g
Carbs and Protein are 4kcal/g
Alcohol is 7kcal/g

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7
Q

List 2 Micronutrients

A

Vitamins and Minerals

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8
Q

What’s the difference between vitamins and minerals?

A

Vitamins are organic molecules our body needs to function, whereas minerals are inorganic molecules our bodies need to function

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9
Q

Why are minerals important?

A

They are involved in nerve pulses, oxygen transport, and the immune system

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10
Q

Is water a macro or micro nutrient? Why is it important?

A

Macro, because we need it in large amounts. It’s needed for chemical reactions, cell growth, and lubrication

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11
Q

How much of our body weight is water?

A

60%

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12
Q

What is a nutritious diet? List 4 facets.

A

Adequate, Moderated, Balanced, and Varied (BAM!V)

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13
Q

What is malnutrition?

A

The lack of needed nutrients or the excess of unneeded nutrients. Starvation, Overnutrition, and Malnutrition are examples

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14
Q

What is the regulated title for a nutrition expert?

A

A dietician

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15
Q

Which organ is the major producer of enzymes

A

The pancreas

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16
Q

What are four things your digestive system does?

A 
Motility (Breaking down food)
Absorption (intestine->bloodstream)
Elimination (getting rid of waste)
Barrier Function (preventing absorption of harmful stuff)
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17
Q

How does the body know it’s hungry?

A

Through the gut-brain axis (stomach and intestines send signals to hypothalamus)

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18
Q

What are signs of hunger in the body?

A

Glucose levels change, hormones signal hunger. Pancreas excretes insulin (full) or glucagon (hungry)

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19
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Things made of proteins, they are biological catalysts that facilitate reactions in living things. Suffix ASE (amylase, peptidase)

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20
Q

What is a bolus?

A

A moist ball of food

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21
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

The waves of contractions in the esophagus that move the food (inner circular muscles and outer lengthwise muscles)

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22
Q

What is the “door” to the stomach?

A

The lower esophageal sphincter

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23
Q

What does food turn into in the stomach?

A

Chyme, a mixture of acid and food

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24
Q

What kind of acid is in the stomach?

A

HCl

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25
Q

What enzyme breaks down protein?

A

Pepsin

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26
Q

What hormone causes the secretion of gastric juice?

A

Gastrin

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27
Q

What role does mucus fill?

A

It protects your GI tract from acid, and helps food move

28
Q

What is the order of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum, then large intestine

29
Q

What is the sphincter that is the exit of the stomach?

A

Pyloric sphincter

30
Q

Where is bile made and stored?

A

Made in the LIVER, stored in the GALLBLADDER, which then secrets it into the small intestine

31
Q

Why is bile important?

A

It emulsifies fat molecules, which allows it to be digested

32
Q

What does the pancreas produce/add?

A

Bicarbonate ions to neutralize chyme, amylase (carbs), lipase (fat), and protease (protein)

33
Q

What are the steps of the large intestine?

A

Cecum, ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid colon, then rectum and anus

34
Q

What does the large intestine do?

A

No digestion, that’s only the small intestine. Large absorbs water, some micronutrients. It digests what we can’t through good gut bacteria, and the rectum holds poop till expelled

35
Q

What is gas in the large intestine called?

A

Flatus, contains N, CO2, H, Methane, and Hydrogen sulfide

36
Q

What is the brush border?

A

The villi that absorb nutrients in the small intestine

37
Q

What is the main form of energy IN our body?

A

ATP

38
Q

What is the barrier function of the GI tract?

A

It prevents the absorption of harmful substances, mucus and stuff

39
Q

What are antigens?

A

Harmful substances which stimulate an immune response when identified

40
Q

What are immune cells present in the GI tract

A

Phagocytes, which engulf harmful organisms, and lymphocytes, which include B cells (synthesize antibodies) and T cells (bind to and kill foreign cells)

41
Q

Where do nutrients go in the GI tracts?

A

Absorbed by the mucosal cells of the GI tract, into the circulatory and lymphatic systems

42
Q

Where are nutrients first sent in the GI tract after absorbtion?

A

The capillaries (circulatory) and lacteal (lymphatic)

43
Q

What systems are involved in the release of nutrients?

A

Hepatic circulatory and circulatory

44
Q

What does Hepatic mean?

A

To do with the liver, like gastric for stomach

45
Q

What nutrients are transported by the hepatic system?

A

Ones which are water soluble, sent through the hepatic portal vein

46
Q

What nutrients are transported by the lymphatic system?

A

Fat soluble nutrients that are too big to fit in capillaries

47
Q

What are chylomicrons?

A

They’re what nutrients are packaged into in the lymphatic system, which then travel into the lacteals of the lymphatic system

48
Q

What’s special about nutrients that are absorbed by the lymphatic system?

A

They don’t pass through the liver

49
Q

What’s special about nutrients that are sent through the circulatory system?

A

They can be picked up by tissues for immediate use, such as carbs going to muscles

50
Q

What are the three methods that are used to transport nutrients through the cell membrane?

A

Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport

51
Q

Explain simple diffusion

A

No energy or carrier required, accomplished by higher to lower concentration. Water is also simple, but is lower to higher concentration

52
Q

Explain facilitated diffusion

A

High concentration to low concentration, with a carrier molecule (still no energy required)

53
Q

Explain Active transport

A

Lower concentration to higher concentration, requires a carrier molecule AND energy, like pushing something up a hill

54
Q

What is metabolism?

A

A chemical reaction that happens to transform a molecule from one kind to another, creating ATP

55
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Breaking of a chemical bond (releases energy)

56
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Making of a chemical bond

57
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate, the phosphate bonds store a lot of energy

58
Q

Each cell makes its own ATP through which process?

A

Cellular respiration, mitochondria making energy

59
Q

What are fatty acids, amino acids, and glucose metabolized into?

A

Acetyl-CoA, must be done in the presence of oxygen

60
Q

What is Acetyl-CoA (C-C-CoA) broken down into, and by what process?

A

Via the Citric Acid Cycle, CoA is broken down into CO2 and high energy electrons

61
Q

What is the only energy source that can make ATP without Oxygen?

A

Glucose

62
Q

What is the name of the process of conversion to C-C-CoA for each Macronutrient?

A 
Glucose(carbs) > Glycolysis
Fatty Acids(Fat/Lipids) > Beta Oxidation
Amino Acids (Protein) > Deamination
63
Q

What follows the Citric Acid Cycle?

A

The electron transport chain, which makes ATP

64
Q

What are the byproducts of forming ATP?

A

CO2, water, and nitrogen from protein

65
Q

Where are byproducts of the formation of ATP disposed of?

A

Citric acid cycle (CO2), water is lost through sweat and urine, and nitrogen goes out through urine

NUTR1010 (1 decks)

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