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Biology 1009 > Midterm 1 (1-7, 17) > Flashcards

Midterm 1 (1-7, 17) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the cell theory

A

All organisms are composed of 1 more cells; cells are the simplest unit of life; new cells come from pre-existing cells by cell division.

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2
Q

Smallest unit of an element, all matter composed

A

Atoms

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3
Q

Atoms form with each other to make…

A

Molecules

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4
Q

Multicellular organisms associate with the same cell type

A

Tissues

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5
Q

Surrounded by the membrane, macro and molecules

A

Cells

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6
Q

Composed of two or more tissue types

A

Organ

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7
Q

Belong to a species that share distinctive attributes

A

organisms

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8
Q

Group of organisms of the same species that occupy the same environment

A

Population

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9
Q

Many populations of different species that live in the same enviornment

A

Community

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10
Q

Interactions with community of organisms and physical enviornment

A

Ecosystem

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11
Q

Includes all the places on Earth where living organisms exist.

A

Biosphere

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12
Q

Mechanism of evolution that a new species evolve by the accumulation of mutation

A

vertical descent with mutation

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13
Q

Organism incorporates genetic material from another organism without being the offspring of that organism.

A

horizontal gene transfer

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14
Q

prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

Bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

A

Bacteria- prokaryote
Archaea- prokaryote
Eukarya- eukaryote

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15
Q

list these in the correct order…

genus, domain, order, supergroup, phylum, kingdom, class, family, species

A

domain, supergroup, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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16
Q

When naming a species…

A

1st word- genus

2nd word- specific description

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17
Q

Difference in electrical changes across the molecule, shared electrons closer to the nucleus

A

polar covalent bonds

hydrophilic

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18
Q

bonds between atoms that have a similar electronegativity, equal share of electrons

A

non polar covalent

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19
Q

when something is both hydrophobic and hydrophilic it is…

A

amphipathic

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20
Q

When mixed with water, long amphipathic molecules may aggrevate into spheres

A

micelles

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21
Q

Hydrocarbon properties

A

C-H and C-C bonds; hydrophobic, poorly soluble in water, nonpolar

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22
Q

groups of atoms with characteristics chemical structures and properties

A

functional groups

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23
Q

Purine bases

A

adenine and guanine; double rings of C and N atoms

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24
Q

pyrimidine bases

A

cytosine and thymine, single ring.

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25
Q

Pairings of bases

A

A and T
G and C

Uracil instead of Thymine in RNA

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26
Q

Pentoses vs Hexoses

A

Pentoses: ribose and dexoyribose, 5 C and OH group
Hexoses: linear or ring structure, O atom

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27
Q

Steroids are…

A

lipids

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28
Q

A. The ratio between the size of an image produced by a microscope and the objects actual size.
B. Ability to observe 2 adjacent objects from one another, measure of clarity of an image..
C. Ability to visualize a particular cell structure based on how different it looks from other structures; staining the cellular structure can make viewing easier.

A

A. Magnification
B. Resolution
C. Contrast

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29
Q

Prokaryote structure

A

simple, lack a membrane enclosed nucleus, small, lack internal compartmentalization

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30
Q

Eukaryotic structure

A

have nucleus, contain DNA, exhibit compartmentalization

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31
Q

Characteristics of eukaryotes

A

protists, fungi, plants and animals.

Plants- like animal cells but have chloroplasts, vacuoles, and a cell wall.

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32
Q

Prokaryotic categories

A

bacteria and archaea (extreme environments)

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33
Q

complete set of proteins that a cell is currently making or an organism can make; determines characteristics of cell

A

proteome

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34
Q

have circular DNA of nucleoid, lack membrane bound organelles, peptinogen cell wall, flagella, have plasms membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes

A

bacterial cells

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35
Q

4 main regions of eukaryotic cells

A

cytosol, nucleus, endo-membrane system, nad semi-autonomous organelles

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36
Q

What is the cytosol

A

synthesis and breakdown of molecules; outside membrane bound organelles and inside plasma membrane

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37
Q

What is the nucleus

A

contain most of the cell’s genetic material; contains chromatin, protection, organization, replication, and expression of genetic material

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38
Q

What is the endomembrane system

A

membranes that enclose the nucleus

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39
Q

What are the semi-autonomous organelles?

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts

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40
Q

Capture light energy and synthezie organic molecules

A

chloroplasts

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41
Q

break down organic molecules to make ATP

A

mitochondria

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42
Q

What is the endosymbiosis theory?

A

modern mitochondria were derived by proteobacteria; chloroplasts were derived from cyanobacteria

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43
Q

Structure of viruses

A

nonliving, nucleic acid genomes, not composed of cells, small, relies on living cells for replication

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44
Q

Viruses have differences in…

A

host ranges: depend on the # of species and cell types infected.

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45
Q

All have a protein coat that encloses a genome consisting of 1 or more molecules of nucleic acid

A

Capsid

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46
Q

What enables viruses to infect hosts

A

capsids and envelopes

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47
Q

Viral genomes

A

genetic material of a virus, RNA/DNA, single or double stranded, linear or circular

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48
Q

Viral reproductive cycle…

A
  1. Attachment
  2. entry
  3. integration
  4. synthesis of viral components
  5. viral assembly
  6. Release
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49
Q

lysogenic cycle

A

phase when a prophage is integrated into a bacterial chromosome

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50
Q

the lytic cycle doesn’t have what stage

A

Integration

51
Q

have an orgin of replication, small circular DNA, independent of bacterial chromosome

A

Plasmid

52
Q

Bacterial chromosome characteristics

A

single chromosomes, tightly packed, double stranded DNA, forms a loop domain and DNA supercoiling

53
Q

Binary fission

A

occurs in many bacterial species; cell divides into 2 daughter cells

54
Q

Three ways bacteria transfers genetic material

A

conjugation, transformation, and transduction

55
Q

Requires direct contact between a donor cell and recipient cell; DNA strand is transferred to recipient cell

A

Conjugation

56
Q

DNA fragment incorporated in chromosome; released in environment

A

Transformation

57
Q

bacteriophage infects donor cell; fragment of chromosomes DNA is incorporated into bacteriophage

A

Transduction

58
Q

What is the fluid mosaic mdoel

A

phospholipids, proteins, and carbs

59
Q

Framework of plasma membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer

60
Q

3 types of membrane proteins

A

transmembrane, lipid anchored, and peripheral membrane

61
Q

A. associate with the membrane because they have a lipid molecule covalently attached to an amino acid side chain.
B. span the membrane from 1 leaflet to another; have nonpolar amino acids that go to hydrophobic regions
C. noncovalently bound to regions of the transmembrane proteins that project out of the membrane

A

A. lipid anchored protein
B. transmembrane
C. peripheral membrane

62
Q

What does fluidity mean

A

individual molecules remain in close association and can move throughout the membrane

63
Q

lipid composition factors that affect fluidity

A

legnth of nonpolar tails, presence of double bonds and cholesterol

64
Q

Higher temps =

A

membrane less fluid

65
Q

concentration of a solute is higher on 1 side of the membrane than the other

A

gradient

66
Q

Higher temperatures allowed for __ movement of __

A

lateral, H2 protein

67
Q

A. Occurs when a substance moves from an area of high to low concentration, down gradient
B. moves substances against concentration gradient with help of transmembrane protein
C. a transmembrane protein provides passageway down the concentration gradient, doesn’t require ATP

A

A. passive transport
B. active transport
C. facilitated diffusion

68
Q

What is osmosis

A

water moves from hypotonic to hypertonic compartment, down gradient

69
Q

solute concentration equal in and outside of cell

A

isotonic

70
Q

outside the cell has a lower concentration of solutes than inside the cell

A

hypotonic

71
Q

concentration of solutes outside the cell is higher than inside the cell

A

hypertonic

72
Q

Results of the aquaporin experiement

A

CHIP 28 protein allows rapid movement of water across membrane; oocytes in chip28 protein swelled due to rapid water intake

73
Q

channels are controlled by

A

ligands

74
Q

bind to a single ion or molecule, transport across membrane

A

uniporter

75
Q

bind 2 or more ions and transport them in the same direction

A

symporter

76
Q

binds 2+ ions and transport them in opposite directions

A

antiporter

77
Q

2 mechanisms of how enzymes lower activation energy….

A
  1. straining reactants

2. close proximity of reactants

78
Q

two factors that govern the rate of a chemical reaction

A

direction and rate

79
Q

commonly coupled up to chemical reaction and other cellular processes; spontaneous reactions

A

exergonic reactions

80
Q

nonspontaneous, requires addition of free energy; cells use ADP to drive these reactions

A

endergonic reactions

81
Q

If G<0, products have less free energy than the reactants

A

exergonic

82
Q

if G>0 it requires the addition of free energy

A

endergonic

83
Q

Cells use ADP to drive endergonic reactions through a process known as

A

coupling

84
Q

When coupled the free energy is

A

negative

85
Q

Chemical reaction with a common intermediate in which energy is transferred from one side of the reaction to the other.

A

Coupling

86
Q

Large proteins, catalysts that speed up reaction rate without being consumed by it

A

enzyme

87
Q

Enzymes can bind to…

A

small reactants, can bind their substrates with high specificity

88
Q

Active site

A

location in an enzyme where reaction occurs

89
Q

Substrates

A

reactant molecules that bind to an enzyme at the active site.

90
Q

Noncompetititive inhibitor

A

binds to an allosteric site outside the active site

91
Q

Competitive inhibitor

A

binds to an active site, raises Km

92
Q

synthesis of larger molecules from smaller precurser molecules

A

anabolic reactions

93
Q

exergonic, result in the breakdown of large molecules to small

A

catabolic reactions

94
Q

Catabolic reactions do two things

A

Recycling of organic building blocks and breakdown of organic molecules to obtain energy

95
Q

ATP is made by _ and _

A

Anaerobic and fermentation

96
Q

Oxygen is not required

A

anaerobic

97
Q

organic molecules are broken down without any net oxidation

A

fermentation ex. lactic acid production

98
Q

What are the 4 metabolic pathways in glucose metabolism

A

glyolysis, breakdown of pyruvate to an acetyl group, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation

99
Q

Steps in glycolysis

A
  1. energy investment phase (1-3)
  2. Cleavage phase (4-5)
  3. energy liberation phase (6-10)
100
Q

How does ATP synthesize work

A

uses the chemiosmosis of H+ to synthesize ATP.

101
Q

Heterotroph vs. Autotroph

A

Heterotroph: must consume food, organic molecules from their enviornment to sustain life. (ex. most bacteria, protists, fungi, and animals)

Autotroph: sustain themselves by producing organic molecules from inorganic sources.
Ex. plants, algae, and cyanobacteria

102
Q

Chemical equation for photosynthesis

A

CO2+ 2H20+ light energy–> CH2O + O2 + H2O

103
Q

Light reactions capture light to make

A

ATP, NADPH, and O2

104
Q

Key role in photosystem 1

A

key role to make NADPH

105
Q

Key role in photosystem 2

A

captures light energy and produces O2

106
Q

What is the importance of Rubisco

A

catalyzes the reduction of inorganic carbon

107
Q

What is photorespiration

A

wasteful pathway that occurs when rubisco acts on oxygen rather than CO2.

108
Q

When does photorespiration occur

A

Under hot and dry conditions

109
Q

Alternative methods for carbon fixation?

A

C4 plants and CAM plants

110
Q

Inputs of glycolysis

A

glucose atp nad+ adp w/ Pi

111
Q

Net products of glycolysis

A

2 pyruvates 2 atp 2 NADH

112
Q

Where does glyolysis occur

A

cytoplasm

113
Q

where does the CAC occur

A

mitochondrial matrix

114
Q

Where does oxidative phosphrylation occur

A

mitochondria

115
Q

What is the ETC

A

protein complexes and small organic molecules

116
Q

What does the ETC do

A

oxidizes or removes electrons from NADH or FADH and pumps H+ across the inner mitochondrial membrane

117
Q

Where does the breakdown of an acetyl group occur

A

Mitochondrial matrix

118
Q

What transport do channels allow

A

only passive

119
Q

Can active transport be carried out by active transports

A

yes

120
Q

All viruses contain

A

nueclic acid and protein coat

121
Q

The phenomenon in which populations of organisms change over the course of many generations in a way that favors an increased survival and reproduction is called

A

evolution

122
Q

When a water molecule is used in a chemical reaction to break down a polymer, this type of reaction is called a

A

hydrolysis

123
Q

Carbon and hydrogen are similar in electronegativity and combine together to form hydrocarbon molecules. What type of bonds form between these atoms?

A

nonpolar, covalent

Biology 1009 (2 decks)

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