Midter Flashcards
Nativists believe?
evolutionary-based, inherent specialized capabilities present in early infancy
Empiricists believe?
infants posses general learning mechanisms.
Blank Slate Theory?
Locke. Character was paramount to instil in children.
What were Kagan’s 5 abilities?
Theory of mind
application of good and bad to self analysis
to reflect on past actions
understanding negative consequences
Understanding motives, own/others
Genome contains proteins that…..
turn genes on and off
What is methylation
the biochemical processes that reduces the expression of a variety of genes
Explain Piaget’s Basic Theory
Development is discontinuous and stepped.
Which areas of the brain show an increase in activity when controlling thoughts and emotions?
The limbic area
The anterior cingulate
the PFC
the hippocampus and the cortex do what simultaneously?
Encode new info during learning
The hippocampus can learn details after..
one to two experiences
The cortex does what with reps of experiences?
Produces abstractations.
What makes up the socio-cultural context influences in dev?
Physical and social environments , cultural, economical, and historical
Name 3 issues that children from poor families have in dev
less success
smaller brain surface area (age 20)
more emotional issues
lower IQ
more likely to drop out
teen pregnancy
What are 3 preventative factors against the negative effects of poverty?
Positive personality
close relationship with at least parent
close relationship with a non parent
What 4 factors did Scarr propose as affecting outcomes for children?
Genetic/Epigentic
Treatment by parents
reactions to experiences
different choices in environments
What are Piaget’s 4 Stages?
Sensimotor
Pre-operational
Concrete Operational
Formal Operational
What is Active Systems Consolidation Theory?
Two brain regions learning at the same time. Hippo and Cortex
What separates language from communication?
3 parts
Arbitrariness- reasoning behind word and what is reps
Generativity - one sentence can have very different meanings
Displacement - discussing abstract times place things
Phoeneme
Smallest sound in a language
Morphemes
Smallest unit of meaning
Semantics
The meaning of words and sentenaces
Syntax
Grammar of a language
Pragmatics
How we use language in social settings
Metalinguistic knowledge
the ability to reflect on language rules and use
Holophrases
one word that reps a whole phrase (ball means, mommy give me the ball)
Overextension
over-using a learned concept like all round shapes are balls
Underextension
egocentric use of a word (only my cup is a cup)
Fast Mapping
learning a words quickly, only a few reps
The degree to which independent measurements of a behaviour under study are consistent is referred to as
Reliability
The________of a test or experiment refers to the degree to which it measures what it is intended to measure.
Validity
_________ refers to whether effects observed within experiments can be attributed with confidence to the factor that the researcher is testing
Internal validity
refers to the ability to generalize research findings beyond the particulars of the research in question.
External validity
What are 3 ways researchers get info from kids
Interviews
Questionnaires
Clinical Interviews
Correlation
whether children who differ in one variable might also differ in a predictable way in other variables.
How are gametes produced?
By meiosis.
What is meiois?
A form of cell division in which the eggs and sperm get only 1 member from each of the 23 chromosomes i pairs.
How many sperm out of 200 get to the egg?
1
What is a fertilized egg called?
Zygote
What are the 4 major processes in fetal development?
Mitosis (cell division)
Cell Migration
Cell Differentiation
Cell suicide (apoptosis)
The presence of what hormone type differentiates between female and male fetuses?
Androgens
What happens at 1 week post-fertilization?
Attachment to uterine wall
What does a the fetus form between 3-8 week?
Primitive organs and early brain foundation
When does a fetus form it’s heart?
4 weeks
When does a fetus form webbed hands and feet?
7 weeks
What is the bulge of cells in the zygote called?
Inner cell mass
What does the inner cells mass become?
Embryo
What does the inner cell mass do at week 3?
Folds in to 3 layers
What are the results of the inner cell mass folding?
Top layer is Nervous System, inner ear, lens of the eye
Middle is muscleoskeletal system and internal organs
Bottom is digestive, lungs, urinary tract and glands
What is the neural tube and how does it form?
The neural tube is the building blocks of the brain and the spinal cord>
It forms by the formation of a u shaped groove in the top layer of the inner cell mass
When facial features like the nose and mouth start to form?
5.5 weeks
By 9 weeks, what should the fetus have?
Ears, eyes, organs, ribs, fingers, toes, nails
At 28 weeks, a fetus can
support itself outside the womb (brain and lungs)
Fetal movement begins at ?
5 to 6 weeks
Fetal sex differences show at?
7-8 weeks
How many pregnancies end in miscarriage in NA?
6 to 15 %
What is a teratogen?
any agent that can cause change in the dev process,
teratogens usually do not effect the zygote prior to?
Implantation in the uterine wall.
Every major organ undergoes major dev during?
(teratogen sensitive period)
3 to 9 weeks.
What is the leading cause of fetal brain injury?
Alchohol.
How many encoding genes do humans have?
approx 20-21k
What is a genotype?
Inherited Genetic Material
What is a phenotype?
The observable expression of the genotype, body and behaviour.
Environment? (in relation to genetics)
The collection of all aspects of an individuals surroundings in their life, including prenatal exposure.
What is DNA?
deoxyribonucleic acid
Chromosomes are contained in?
The nucleus of every cell
Females have what chromosomes?
Two identical, largish X
Males have what chromosomes?
One X and one much smaller Y
What determines sex of an fetus?
The father’s sperm type
What are endophenotypes?
Intermediates phenotypes that mediate the pathways between genes and behaviour.
Genes are switched on and off by?
Regulator Genes
Define meiosis
a type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the number of chromosomes in gametes
