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Psych 251 > Midter > Flashcards

Midter Flashcards

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1
Q

Nativists believe?

A

evolutionary-based, inherent specialized capabilities present in early infancy

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2
Q

Empiricists believe?

A

infants posses general learning mechanisms.

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3
Q

Blank Slate Theory?

A

Locke. Character was paramount to instil in children.

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4
Q

What were Kagan’s 5 abilities?

A

Theory of mind
application of good and bad to self analysis
to reflect on past actions
understanding negative consequences
Understanding motives, own/others

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5
Q

Genome contains proteins that…..

A

turn genes on and off

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6
Q

What is methylation

A

the biochemical processes that reduces the expression of a variety of genes

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7
Q

Explain Piaget’s Basic Theory

A

Development is discontinuous and stepped.

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8
Q

Which areas of the brain show an increase in activity when controlling thoughts and emotions?

A

The limbic area
The anterior cingulate
the PFC

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9
Q

the hippocampus and the cortex do what simultaneously?

A

Encode new info during learning

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10
Q

The hippocampus can learn details after..

A

one to two experiences

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11
Q

The cortex does what with reps of experiences?

A

Produces abstractations.

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12
Q

What makes up the socio-cultural context influences in dev?

A

Physical and social environments , cultural, economical, and historical

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13
Q

Name 3 issues that children from poor families have in dev

A

less success
smaller brain surface area (age 20)
more emotional issues
lower IQ
more likely to drop out
teen pregnancy

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14
Q

What are 3 preventative factors against the negative effects of poverty?

A

Positive personality
close relationship with at least parent
close relationship with a non parent

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15
Q

What 4 factors did Scarr propose as affecting outcomes for children?

A

Genetic/Epigentic
Treatment by parents
reactions to experiences
different choices in environments

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16
Q

What are Piaget’s 4 Stages?

A

Sensimotor
Pre-operational
Concrete Operational
Formal Operational

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17
Q

What is Active Systems Consolidation Theory?

A

Two brain regions learning at the same time. Hippo and Cortex

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18
Q

What separates language from communication?

3 parts

A

Arbitrariness- reasoning behind word and what is reps
Generativity - one sentence can have very different meanings
Displacement - discussing abstract times place things

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19
Q

Phoeneme

A

Smallest sound in a language

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20
Q

Morphemes

A

Smallest unit of meaning

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21
Q

Semantics

A

The meaning of words and sentenaces

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22
Q

Syntax

A

Grammar of a language

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23
Q

Pragmatics

A

How we use language in social settings

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24
Q

Metalinguistic knowledge

A

the ability to reflect on language rules and use

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25
Q

Holophrases

A

one word that reps a whole phrase (ball means, mommy give me the ball)

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26
Q

Overextension

A

over-using a learned concept like all round shapes are balls

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27
Q

Underextension

A

egocentric use of a word (only my cup is a cup)

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28
Q

Fast Mapping

A

learning a words quickly, only a few reps

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29
Q

The degree to which independent measurements of a behaviour under study are consistent is referred to as

A

Reliability

30
Q

The________of a test or experiment refers to the degree to which it measures what it is intended to measure.

A

Validity

31
Q

_________ refers to whether effects observed within experiments can be attributed with confidence to the factor that the researcher is testing

A

Internal validity

32
Q

refers to the ability to generalize research findings beyond the particulars of the research in question.

A

External validity

33
Q

What are 3 ways researchers get info from kids

A

Interviews
Questionnaires
Clinical Interviews

34
Q

Correlation

A

whether children who differ in one variable might also differ in a predictable way in other variables.

35
Q

How are gametes produced?

A

By meiosis.

36
Q

What is meiois?

A

A form of cell division in which the eggs and sperm get only 1 member from each of the 23 chromosomes i pairs.

37
Q

How many sperm out of 200 get to the egg?

A

1

38
Q

What is a fertilized egg called?

A

Zygote

39
Q

What are the 4 major processes in fetal development?

A

Mitosis (cell division)
Cell Migration
Cell Differentiation
Cell suicide (apoptosis)

40
Q

The presence of what hormone type differentiates between female and male fetuses?

A

Androgens

41
Q

What happens at 1 week post-fertilization?

A

Attachment to uterine wall

42
Q

What does a the fetus form between 3-8 week?

A

Primitive organs and early brain foundation

43
Q

When does a fetus form it’s heart?

A

4 weeks

44
Q

When does a fetus form webbed hands and feet?

A

7 weeks

45
Q

What is the bulge of cells in the zygote called?

A

Inner cell mass

46
Q

What does the inner cells mass become?

A

Embryo

47
Q

What does the inner cell mass do at week 3?

A

Folds in to 3 layers

48
Q

What are the results of the inner cell mass folding?

A

Top layer is Nervous System, inner ear, lens of the eye
Middle is muscleoskeletal system and internal organs
Bottom is digestive, lungs, urinary tract and glands

49
Q

What is the neural tube and how does it form?

A

The neural tube is the building blocks of the brain and the spinal cord>
It forms by the formation of a u shaped groove in the top layer of the inner cell mass

50
Q

When facial features like the nose and mouth start to form?

A

5.5 weeks

51
Q

By 9 weeks, what should the fetus have?

A

Ears, eyes, organs, ribs, fingers, toes, nails

52
Q

At 28 weeks, a fetus can

A

support itself outside the womb (brain and lungs)

53
Q

Fetal movement begins at ?

A

5 to 6 weeks

54
Q

Fetal sex differences show at?

A

7-8 weeks

55
Q

How many pregnancies end in miscarriage in NA?

A

6 to 15 %

56
Q

What is a teratogen?

A

any agent that can cause change in the dev process,

57
Q

teratogens usually do not effect the zygote prior to?

A

Implantation in the uterine wall.

58
Q

Every major organ undergoes major dev during?
(teratogen sensitive period)

A

3 to 9 weeks.

59
Q

What is the leading cause of fetal brain injury?

A

Alchohol.

60
Q

How many encoding genes do humans have?

A

approx 20-21k

61
Q

What is a genotype?

A

Inherited Genetic Material

62
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

The observable expression of the genotype, body and behaviour.

63
Q

Environment? (in relation to genetics)

A

The collection of all aspects of an individuals surroundings in their life, including prenatal exposure.

64
Q

What is DNA?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

65
Q

Chromosomes are contained in?

A

The nucleus of every cell

66
Q

Females have what chromosomes?

A

Two identical, largish X

67
Q

Males have what chromosomes?

A

One X and one much smaller Y

68
Q

What determines sex of an fetus?

A

The father’s sperm type

69
Q

What are endophenotypes?

A

Intermediates phenotypes that mediate the pathways between genes and behaviour.

70
Q

Genes are switched on and off by?

A

Regulator Genes

71
Q

Define meiosis

A

a type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the number of chromosomes in gametes

Psych 251 (1 decks)

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