midsem practice

Question 1

list the cytoplasmic criteria for malignancy

Answer 1

anisocytosis (change in cell size)
pleomorphism (change in cell shape)
basophilia

Question 2

list the nuclear criteria for malignancy

Answer 2

increased nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio
anisokaryosis
increased mitotic figures
clumping of chromatin
multi-nucleation
abnormal mitosis
nuclear moulding

Question 3

list 4 clinical pathological changes you would see

Answer 3

macrocytic hypochromic anaemia
leukocytosis
spherocytosis!!!
agglutination

Question 4

what are the clinical signs associated with thrombocytopenia?

Answer 4

petechiation or ecchymosis in tissues or mucosal membranes, epistaxis, melena, hematochezia, haematuria, prolonged bleeding after venipuncture, retinal haemorrhage or hyphema

Question 5

differentials for thrombocytopenia

Answer 5

massive trauma
DIC
neoplasia
rodenticide toxicity (vitamin K antagonism)
aplasia / hypoplasia megakaryocytes

Question 6

explain type 1 hypersensitivity and provide one example

Answer 6

reaction to environmental allergens involving the production of IgE antibodies and release of inflam mediators e.g. histamine
e.g. allergies to pollen

Question 7

explain type 2 hypersensitivity and provide one example

Answer 7

autoimmune reaction, resulting in production of IgG/IgM, and cell death by opsonisation/phagocytosis / lysis by complement or antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity
e.g. IMHA

Question 8

explain type 3 hypersensitivity and provide one example

Answer 8

soluble antigen such as bacterial or viral infections trigger the reaction, which involves the deposition of antibody-antigen complexes (with the IgG antibody), complement activation, recruitment of leukocytes.
e.g. systemic lupus erythematosus

Question 9

explain type 4 hypersensitivity and provide one example

Answer 9

originates from a normal immune response to infection with intracellular pathogens e.g. mycobacteria, involving T cell mediated cytotoxicity
e.g. type 1 diabetes

Question 10

3 types of cancer commonly metastasise to the lungs

Answer 10

hemangiosarcoma, osteosarcoma, adenocarcinoma